Hockey .vs. football Essay Example for Free

Hockey .vs. football Essay Football and hockey are two sports, which are similar in objective, but very different in their rules and guidelines. In each of these major sports there are rules and guidelines that the players must follow. The topics that will be covered are the weight differences between the players in football and hockey, the use of Creatine Monohydrate, and last the equipment restrictions. This first paragraph will discuss the weight difference between the players in the NFL (football) and the NHL (hockey). Although there is no written rule as to how much a player can weigh in either of the sports, there is the unwritten rule that the players and coaches follow. The average hockey player weighs about 185 pounds. The average weight of a full NHL hockey team consisting of 24 players is about 4,500 lbs. Coaches in the NHL do not want their players too weigh more than 200 though because as Mike Milbury the coach of the New York Islanders put it when a player is as big as a football player (approx. 250 lbs. ). It is harder for a player to move quickly and elude an upcoming check. In the NFL, it is the opposite of the NHL. The coaches dont want their players too weigh less than 200 pounds. The Punter/Kicker is the only position that it doesnt really matter what the weight of player is. On average the weight of a NFL player is 250 lbs. The average team consisting of 48 players weighs about 12,000 lbs. This paragraph talks about a very controversial substance that is used by millions of people around the world. This wonder drug, which is not really a drug, but a natural occurring substance in the human body is called Creatine Monohydrate. This substance was used in the NFL until 2 years ago when the governing board of the NFL ruled that Creatine is a steroid type substance that gives the athlete using it a substantial edge in quickness, strength, and endurance over the players who choose not to use it. If a player is caught using the substance he will be suspended for the same amount of time, as he would be if he were using the real anabolic steroids. Yet the NHLs board of governors has not even voted upon this same substance. It is a proven fact that the NHL players using Creatine have gained on average 15 ? 20 pounds of muscle in as little as 2. 5 months. The players have also been injured less when using the substance. This last paragraph will talk about the equipment restrictions between the NHL and the NFL. Hockey has a lot of restrictions that the players must follow. Each piece of equipment worn has a size restriction on it. Goalies are watched more carefully than the players are because last year in the NHL the goals a game average went from 7. 5 to 5. The NHL did an investigation and found out that some goalie equipment was almost twice as big as it was when they last did an investigation in the early 90s. If a player is caught breaking the rules on equipment size, he will receive a 2-minute penalty. If the player is a repeat offender he can receive (fourth infraction) a 1 game suspension. The NFL does not have any equipment restrictions as of right now. The reason for this is because the offensive/ defensive line players (310+ lbs. ) keep getting bigger, making the equipment rule a waste of time. There are some teams that are taking advantage of this though. Since there is no advantage to players in the NFL wearing bigger equipment, there is an advantage in adding substances to the equipment and the player. Players are using pine tar on their hands so that it makes it almost impossible for a player to drop the ball if the throw is half-decent. The players are also using a silicone-based substance on their game jersey so that it is hard for the opposing team to grab them and pull them down. Although the objective to both these pastimes are similar players must follow different rules in their sport. It may seem unfair for one pro league to let their players use something that is banned in another pro sport. The board of governors have to take all this into consideration and decide what is best for their sports and obviously they wont be able to make all the right decisions. With so many new products that will help to enhance players performance that eventually they will all be banned from pro sports.

Negligence Project Manager In Construction Industry

Negligence Project Manager In Construction Industry CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Negligence of project manager in construction industry Construction industry is one of the contributors to economic development of the country. It is consists of many parties involved having different background and expertise in projects. Project manager as a leader of the project plays important role in managing project. However, as a human being, people could not run away from make a mistake or negligence in performing a task or responsible. Negligence of project manager would be discussed in giving the best performance of project manager by learning the past mistake. 2.2 Definition of negligence Negligence done by project manager is where project manager does not carry out duty of care to other parties and as a result, the other parties suffer losses, damages and others because of that negligence. Negligence also can be determined as misconduct (or malpractice) of professionals fail in carrying out their tasks efficiently. As referred to MC Nair Judges in Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee, negligence in law means a failure to do some act which a reasonable man in the circumstances would do, or the doing of some act which a reasonable man in the circumstances would not do; and if that failure or the doing of that act results in injury, then there is a cause of action. Willick (1986) stated that Malpractice is an application of negligence law by which liability is usually imposed, not when professionals fail to achieve certain results, but when they fail to exercise due diligence and reasonable care in their practices. Hingun M. and Wan Azlan Ahmad (1998) stated that the word negligence can be used in three principal senses which are: 1. First, it could refer to a persons mental element, his negligence as to the possible effects of his conduct 2. Secondly, it may refer to the quality of a persons conduct that he is negligent in doing something such as crossing the road or driving his car, or in failing to do something such as to accompany his small child in a place that may turn out to have objects that could cause injury to that child. In this sense the word negligence indicates the standard or quality of the conduct. 3. Thirdly, the word refers to a branch of tort law which imposes a certain standard of care on people in certain circumstances: this means that they are under an obligation not to conduct themselves below the standard, and if they do, they are liable in law to compensate the person who has suffered as a consequence of their careless act. As what been stated in the case Donoghue v Stevenson [1932], Not every careless act or fault on the part of a professional gives rise to liability in negligence, even where damage is sustained by another as a result. Negligence also can be defined as the failure to use reasonable care. It also could be the doing of something which a reasonably prudent person would not do, or the failure to do something which a reasonably prudent person would do under like circumstances1. Negligence is a legal cause of damage if it directly and in natural and continuous sequence produces or contributes substantially to producing such damage, so it can reasonably be said that if not for the negligence, the loss, injury or damage would not have occurred. Negligence is also might be a legal cause of damage even though it operates in combination with the act of another, a natural cause, or some other cause if the other cause occurs at the same time as the negligence and if the negligence contributes substantially to producing such damage.2 Furthermore, generally a party who has caused an injury or loss to another in consequence of his negligence is responsible for all the consequences. An example of this may be found in the case of a person who drives a car during a dark night on the wrong side of the road and injures another.3 _______________________________________________________________________ 1 http://www.lectlaw.com Aaron Larson (2003) stated that in general terms, negligence is the failure to use ordinary care through either an act or omission. That is, negligence occurs when: Somebody does not exercise the amount of care that a reasonably careful person would use under the circumstances; or Somebody does something that a reasonably careful person would not do under the circumstances.4 Negligence is often defined as consisting of a breach of duty. That is wrong. The duty in such a case can be defined only as a duty to use care, i.e., not to act negligently; and to define the duty so, and then to define negligence as consisting of a breach of the duty, is to define in a circle. The misconception has arisen from a failure to distinguish between a negligent wrong, which, like all wrongs, involves a breach of duty, and the negligence itself, which is one element in the wrong.5 4 http://www.expertlaw.com/library/personal_injury/negligence.html 5 29 Harv. L. Rev. 40 (1915-1916) Negligence; Terry, Henry T. 2.3 Element of Liability As a project manager, he or she responsible in managing project successfully and have liability towards the project. Liability of project manager such as planning, leading, controlling, organizing, co-coordinating available resources (i.e. people or material) and others in order to make the project completed efficiently. Project manager can not be easily being judge in doing negligent in the construction project. There are some requirement that had been stated in some books on element of liability where in order one party to be judge as breach of contract or negligent in the project, plaintiff must show or prove that the defendant (project manager) done something wrong or make mistake in conducting their duties. Hussin A.A. (2006) stated that there are four elements of negligence. The plaintiff in an action for negligence must show: 1. That the defendant owed him a duty of care 2. Considering the first of these elements, it is necessary to decide whether in the particular circumstances one person (the defendant) owed a duty of care to the other (plaintiff). 3. That there was a breach of that duty 4. That recoverable damage was thereby caused. Sweet J. (2000) had stated the elements of negligence by saying that to justify a conclusion that the defendant was negligent, the plaintiff must establish the following: 1. The defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff to conform o a certain standard of conduct in order to protect the plaintiff against unreasonable risk of harm. 2. The defendant did not conform to the standard required 3. A reasonably close causal connection existed between the conduct of the defendant and the injury to the plaintiff. 4. The defendant invaded a legally protected interest of the plaintiff. Finola OFarrell Q.C. stated that in order to establish a claim in negligence, it is necessary for a claimant to satisfy the following requirements: 1. The existence in law of a duty of care 2. Behaviour that falls below the standard of care imposed by law 3. A causal connection between the defendants conduct and the damage 4. Damage falling within the scope of the duty Aaron Larson (2003) listed four elements of a negligence action. A typical formula for evaluating negligence requires that a plaintiff prove the following four factors by a preponderance of the evidence: 1. The defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff (or a duty to the general public, including the plaintiff); 2. The defendant violated that duty; 3. As a result of the defendants violation of that duty, the plaintiff suffered injury; and 4. The injury was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendants action or inaction. 2.4 Types of negligence Hussin A. A. (2006) stated Negligence of professional can be divided into two which are negligence in giving statement (misstatement) or Negligence caused erroneous statement and Negligence in the performance of duties (in addition to advice). As referred to the statement above, there are two types of negligence. Negligence caused erroneous statement can be determined as negligence made by project manager regarding their wrong statement given to the any other parties in construction project. Negligence in the performance of duties (in addition to advice) including check the site, design, prepare budgets, prepare bills of quantity, selecting contractors, using the terms of the contract, comply with the law and practice, administer contracts, oversee the work, provide work instructions, and review work to make recommendations (work and progress payments). Project manager can be said negligent in the performance of duties because they not they are not comply their duties and carrying out the task properly such as not selecting the best contractors, not administer the contracts efficiently and others. There are several examples of negligence that can be categorized under Negligence caused erroneous statement and Negligence in the performance of duties. 2.4.1 Negligence in giving advice There is one case where project managers may be found negligent in performing their task such as failed to advise their clients about inappropriate construction materials. In that case, project manager is not really failed to advice their client because they do advice their client verbally but not record it in writing. However, project manager has obliged his obligation or duties to give advice and warn his client but it is also clients obligation to take into consideration advice given by project manager. There is the case: Pride Valley Foods v Hall and Partners In case Pride Valley Foods v Hall and Partners which had been occurred in June 2001 is about Pride Valley who intended to expand their small company specializing in baking pitta and nan breads. Pride Valley decided to build a factory for expanding their business in County Durham which is located in the North East of England. Pride Valley had been advised by their financial backers to approach Hall Partners as Pride Valley had no experience in design and build contract and also in construction. Hall Partners had been engaged by Pride Valley as their project managers for the construction of a factory in Country Durham. Hall Partners is a well-known local firm of quantity surveyors and estate agents. The issue is Pride Valley wanted keep costs down and Hall Partners proposed to Pride Valley to use expanded polystyrene panels as partitioning. Hall Partners had informed to Pride Valley the risk of using expanded polystyrene verbally and not in writing. As a result, expanded polystyrene panels were used as partitioning was destroying the factory. As stated by Molloy J.B. (YEAR) expert evidence agreed that the fire had developed at the bottom of a flue serving the pitta bread line due to a build up of cooking deposits in the flue, and spread to the expanded polystyrene wall panels which rapidly spread the fire through the entire building with such force that it was too dangerous for fire-fighters to even enter the building in order to put the fire out. Pride Valley decided to sue Hall Partners for the consequences. Hall Partners had been blamed by Pride Valley because of failing to discharge project managers duty of care and also to warn them. Hall Partners maintained that they had given advice verbally with Pride Valley. But, the court held that Hall Partners had failed to give appropriate advice to Pride Valley as project managers. Although Hall Partners had given advice verbally, the judge did not consider it because they failed to record it in writing. However, the judge rejected Pride Valleys claim because the court further held that Pride Valley would not have taken Hall Partners advice if it had been given whereas merely focused on the cheapest cost of the building by using expanded polystyrene that given risk. Patten B.(2003) stated project managers role in concerned with supervision and co-ordination and however there are also a project manager that failed to control particular aspects of the costs, failed to ensure that other construction professionals had access to correct information or failed to prevent another construction professional from making an important error. Furthermore, Patten B. (2003) shows that there is contributory negligence of project manager to the project. One case had been stated where project manager failed to warn his client regarding the special panels. Special panels which client intends to use were not suitable because of highly combustible and the chance of fire spreading throughout the building is high. Hence, court decided to reduce the damages that need to be recovered by the claimant and also the loss caused by the fire will be covered 50 percent by the project manager. It is because, project manager is the person who did not take reasonable actions in preventing the loss happen because of fire and project manager plays an important in coordinating and supervising the project. Blame on project manager regarding this case would give bad impression to professional performance in construction industry by parties involved in the project. Supposedly, as project manager, they should avoid this negligence by discussing clien ts requirement first and take reasonable steps in preventing bad things happen in site. Project manager acts to coordinating the works and supervise the progress of work. Project manager owed duty of care to review the programme and ensure that the project on programme by using reasonable endeavors. There are two cases had been discussed by Patten B. (2003) which is Chesham Properties Ltd v. Bucknall Austin Project Management Services Ltd and Royal Brompton Hospital NHS Trust v. Hammond and others. 2.4.2 Negligence in performing his duty of care Project manager holding big responsibilities in making project successfully completed. However, as a human being there are some of responsibilities that project manager does not realize on it. There is a case regarding this issue: (a) Pozzolanic Lytag Ltd v Bryan Hobson Associates (1998) This case involved in construction of a dome. Bryan Hobson Associates (BHA) is an engineer that being engaged as project manager by Pozzolanic Lytag. BHAs were responsible to the design and construction of storage facilities for pulverised fuel ash. That is project manager responsible to successfully complete the project. As the construction completed, the works designed by the Contractor collapsed and there is no-one had taken out the required insurance. Insurance is very important in order to protect the product of construction at the end of the project and also important during the construction stage. However, insurance should be taken out in order to protect construction product even after the construction completed for certain period. In this case, BHA had been blamed by Pozzolanic Lytag because of failure in ensuring the insurance was in place and insurance also must be updated for certain period. However, BHA said that they did not know that it was their job to check on the in surance and they did not know anything about insurance. As project manager, they should take note their obligation or duty of care towards clients interest although they were not expert in several aspects. However, that is the challenges that project manager are going faced on. Hence, the court found out that project managers did not relieve their responsibility although they lacked the expertise regarding insurances. As what been judged by court, project manager should be able to find out the way they carry themselves in handling this kind of problems. Although that kind of thing is not project managers expertise but it is still under project managers responsibility to look into those aspects. (b) Chesham Properties Ltd v Bucknall Austin Project Management Services (1996) In this case, Bucknall Austin had been appointed as project manager by property developer which is Chesham Properties. Chesham Properties involved in a scheme to develop a site known as Royal Court House in Cadogan Place, London. This issue of case was the contractor was given an extension of time where it supposedly not be granted to contractor. Contractor had been awarded extensions of time just because to cover up the failings by the professional team. The project also had overrun in cost and time. Chesham Properties found out that Bucknall Austin was breached the contract and also negligent in performing their duties. Furthermore, Chesham also argued that there should be an implied terms to Bucknall Austin as a project manager where the deficiency of works might affect or contribute to defects in the work, increase costs or delay completion. Hence, as a project managers duty was to warn Chesham regarding the deficiencies in the performance of parties involved. Besides, as a project manager he had an obligation to inform Chesham Properties. As a result, the developer sued the whole professional team. The court also found out that project manager was under a duty of care to report to the developer on deficiencies in the performance of the rest of the professional team and project manager was negligent in failing to do so. The judge was of the view that: The Project Manager was plainly under a duty, on the true construction of the contract in such terms and made in such context, to report to the plaintiff on deficiencies in performance on the part of its co-defendants. In this case, project manager owed a duty of care to inform employer regarding the deficiencies in the work of the other professionals. 2.4.3 Negligence in supervision or inspection According to R.M. Jackson and J.L. Powell (1992), the architect or engineer in general necessary inspects the construction building properly either before or during construction of a structure. As a project manager that having background either architect or engineer or quantity surveyor must be able to do inspection or supervision efficiently. In book written by Hussin A.A.(2006), there are statement by R.J. Kemelfield where architects, engineers or contractors may be held liable for losses incurred by the client if they failed to inspect building sites with the right methods. These include inspection when work is being undertaken especially during the excavation work was completed. There is one case regarding engineers negligence in their duties. This case is between Moneypenny vs. Hartland where in that case, an engineer had been found negligent for failing to examine the form of land that will accommodate the basic construction of a bridge which can be called as foundation of the bridge. Consequences of this failure, he has made assessment of the costs that are too low for construction. This case is about engineers fault because he or she does not examine the form of land effectively. As what we can interpret from this case was engineer makes a mistake because in examining the form of land is actually can be classified under engineers liability in construction project. Hence, engineer can be said as negligence in the performance of duties and not comply duty of care and their liability as a professional. However, in case Columbus Co. vs. Clowes is about an architect has been found negligent for failing to assess and measure a site. He just depends on what was told to him by third parties. Consequently he has been drawing plans and specifications based on dimensions smaller than the actual dimensions of the site. This is another case that involve architect as professional in construction project. In this case, architect failed in carrying out their task which is fails in assessing and measuring a site. Basically, as referred to this case, architect was found guilty and negligent because they do not do their job effectively and only referring to the third party to get information to draw the plains and specification. It shows that, architect that involved in that project do make any effort to get information and not carrying out their task earnestly. As what been discussed above, it shows that engineer, architect and any other professional were found guilty in carrying their task. As a professional, they are the person who can take responsibility in being project manager. As they failed to perform their duties, they might face the problem once they being a project manager. However, it can be done by studying project management before they come into project manager world. It can reduce the probability to give high risk in negligence during the construction project or after the project completed. There are other cases that relates to inadequate supervision which are: Jameson v. Simon Leicester Guardians v. Trollope Clay v. A.J. Crump Sons Ltd. (a) Jameson v. Simon Regarding on this case, architect was held negligent in failing to inspect work efficiently. In order to certify that the work had been executed according to the contract, supervision by architect required. However, in this case architect failed to inspect the bottoming of the cement floor of a house either before or at the time the floor was laid. The bottoming was subsequently found to consist of waste material and to be the cause of dry rot. There was an evidence to show that architect had done his supervision by visiting site in average once a week. Architect also had given as much supervision and inspection as it was customary to give according to the practice of architects. But that practice was insufficient to absolve the architect for failure to inspect so important a part of the work. (b) Leicester Guardians v. Trollope Regarding on this case, by referring to Jackson and Powell (1992) stated that architect was held negligent in failing to supervise the laying of concrete. He had contended that it was for the clerk of works to supervise it. Channel J. rejected the contention, considering that the laying of the concrete was a very important matter since a large area had to be covered. He continued if the architect had taken steps to see that the first block was all right, and had then told the clerk of works that the work in the others was to be carried out in the same way. I would have been inclined to hold that the architect had done his duty, but in fact he did nothing to see that the design was complied with. In my view this was not a matter of detail which could be left with the clerk of works. (c) Clay v. A.J. Crump Sons Ltd This case is about architect was requested by the employer to consider whether it was safe to leave standing a wall which subsequently collapsed. Architects duty to the employer may require him to consider and advice upon the need for precautions. (Jackson Powell,1992). Architect as a project manager also has duty to warn any probabilities for problem to come out in order to protect employers interest and successfully completed. 2.4.4 Negligence in selecting contractors Jackson and Powell (1992) stated one point of negligence which is failure to take reasonable steps in selecting contractors. The exercise of reasonable care and skill may require an architect to make reasonable enquiries as to the solvency and capabilities of contractors including nominated sub-contractors in circumstances where he is responsible for their recommendation. An architect was held negligent in failing to put the work of converting a house out to competitive tender in Hutchinson v. Harris. Similarly he should take care when examining the amounts of quotations, not to accept rates which are unreasonable in the circumstances. Valerie Pratt vs. George J. Hill Associated. There is one case about the negligence in giving recommendation or can be said as wrong statement given by professional. That case is Valerie Pratt vs. George J. Hill Associated. This case involves the architect who advised his client that one contractor company is very reliable in performing construction work and based on advice (recommendations) given by architect, the contractor has been appointed by his client. However, then the contractor can not be trusted and work performance by that contractor is very bad. The court found that the architect had violated his duties (duties) to advice, that he was doing wrong statement to his client. In this case, the architect liable in giving advises to the client to choose the committed contractor to complete the job properly. However, architect that act as project manager need to advises the client and recommend the client the best contractor to complete the job but in this case, architect had been judge as doing wrong statement by giving bad recommendation to the client. Architect should investigate the background of the contractor in order to carrying out the task given and not simply choose the contractor by not knowing their experience in construction industry. As a result, project manager need to blame on this matter because they owed the duty of care to the client and not performing their duty efficiently. There is another case where architect or engineer owes a duty of care and have liability for materials in project. As what James M. F. (2002) stated in his book, if the materials selected by the employer without reference to the architect or engineer then the only duty imposed upon the architect or engineer is a duty to warn of any defects in the materials known to him. 2.4.5 Negligence in advising on the suitable contract As a project manager, it is an obligation of project manager in considering the terms of contract and chooses the best contract for client. The exercise of reasonable care and skill may require the architect to advise the employer to reject a particular form of contract or a particular term if disadvantageous to the employers interests, or to refuse to nominate a particular sub-contractor unless he is prepared to guarantee or warrant to the employer the quality or fitness of certain work and materials. (Jackson and Powell, 1992) 2.4.6 Negligence in administering building contract As what been stated by Jackson and Powell (1992), there is a case which is Wilks v. Thingoe (Suffolk) R.D.C. where an architect was held negligent. It is because architect was negligence in having embarked on a course of extravagant expenditure without his employers authority. The position of the architect under the JCT Standard Form of Building contract (1963 edition, July 1971 revision) was recently considered, mainly from the standpoint of its contractual consequences as between employer and contractor, in London Borough of Merton v. Stanley Hugh Leach Ltd. Vinelott J. stated: under the standard conditions the architect acts as the servant or agent of the building owner in supplying the contractor with the necessary drawings, instructions, levels and the like and in supervising the progress of the work and in ensuring that it is properly carried out. He will of course normally though not invariably have been responsible for the design of the work To the extent that the architect performs these duties the building owner contracts with the contractor that the architect will perform them with reasonable diligence and with reasonable skill and care. The contract also, confers on the architect discretionary powers which he must exercise with due regard to the interests of the contractor and the building owner. The building owner does not undertake that the architect will exercise his discretionary powers reasonably; he undertakes that although the architect may be engaged or employed by him will leave him free to exercise his discretions fairly and without imp roper interference by him. 2.2 The Causes of Project Managers Negligence Project managers negligence in construction must leave impacts once it happened against project whether towards the project or parties involved such as workers. However, the causes of project managers negligence will be find out in order to prevent any other project manager from repeating same mistakes in future. As a project manager, they are the best person chosen by client to handle the project successfully. They have capability and expertise in conducting a project is the reasons why client had high expectation towards project manager. However, project manager is different between each other. They studied project management but having different background, experience, level of capability, attitude and etc that bringing different way or style in handling the project. Tunner and Muller (2006) have also shown that a project managers success at managing his or her project is dependent on their competence, particularly their leadership style comprising emotional intelligence, management focus and intellect. As what Badawy M. K. (1988) stated where project manager requires a high degree of flexibility and adaptability, aggressiveness, persuasiveness, superb communication skills, an ability to deal with conflict and to function well within a highly ambiguous environment and ill-defined organizational relationships. This is not easy task because project managers task is a complex one. Furthermore, he also stated that the primary problems of project management are not technical because they are human. It follows that the ratio of project success as well as efficiency and effectiveness of resources utilization will be significantly enhanced if management can do a better job in recruiting, selecting, training, and developing managerial skills of project managers. The causes of project failure can be numerous. However, the core reason for project failure usually is not limited resources but incompetent project managers. Projects fail because managers fail. Project Managers negligence comes from the project managers itself. Project manager have responsibilities in carrying out the task and ensure all the works being completed efficiently. In order to make the projects flow smoothly, project managers must have ability in solving the problems during the construction stage and well-trained in project management. Poor project manager will overemphasis of technical skills as prerequisite for selection to project management positions as what been stated by Badawy M. K. (1988). In managing the projects, it is not only on technical skills as what statement given. It is about soft skills that project manager had in order to deal with people in construction project. If project manager failed to deal with parties involved in the construction project, the probabilities of project managers negligence is higher. As project manager, they need high interpersonal skills and superb communication skills in being a good project manager. These skills are important to avoid project managers negligence in construction project such as miscommunication in giving instruction and others. Lack of communication also is one of the causes of project managers negligence as communication is very important in conducting, directing, organizing and etc to make the instruction or information were clearly given and understood. 1. Inappropriate advice There is another cause of project managers negligence in construction which is failed to advice his client in appropriate way. There is the case where project manager is wrongdoer because has advise their client without record it in writing. This case clearly shown the caus

Religious Themes in Oryx and Crake Essay -- World Literature Religion

Religious Themes in Oryx and Crake It is in these representations of Snowman that I believe Atwood is making a definitive statement as to whether God created man or whether man creates God. Undoubtedly Atwood is suggesting that man inevitably, despite of himself, creates God, with or without outside assistance. It seems that throughout the novel there is an extended metaphor of Snowman as various figures from the Christian bible. The first figure that Snowman can be said to represent is that of Adam, the first man, though the similarities between the two characters do not follow the same chronology. Just as Adam is given the animals as companions to look over, similarly Crake has ensured that the Crakers and Jimmy are both left in the newly re-created world as companions. Another strong resemblance and play on words can be observed in the Christian story of original sin and Crake's mass destruction of humanity. In Genesis, God sets aside one fruit tree and commands Adam not to touch or eat from it, as a result of Adam's betrayal, God casts him out of paradise, and forces hardship on him for the rest of his days. Likewise, Jimmy is fully cognizant the first time he meets Oryx that she is off limits to him, yet his betrayal of Crake ultimately results in his leaving Paradice and forces various hardships on him. Lastly, in the Snowman-as-Adam device, there is a realization that the companions which have been assigned by a higher power are insufficient, and the following desperate need for companions that are closer on the evolutionary chain. For Adam, this companion was Eve. Throughout Atwood's novel Snowman is absolutely desperate for some companion, someone more understanding than the Crakers, or better than his ow... ...t this leads to a rather interesting debate: whether or not the Crakers would have eventually created religion or at the very least art themselves, regardless of Snowman`s interference. I believe that Atwood is commenting on the fact that it is man's nature to be existential, to wonder where he came from, and who created creation, and that it is natural to invent possible answers to these questions when none are evident. For example, as Snowman returns after his foray back into the Compound he finds that the Crakers have created an idol of him and are chanting his name in a way which sounds like `Amen', "next they'd be inventing idols, and funerals, and grave goods, and the afterlife, and sin..."(361). Either way you look at Snowman, as a religious patriarch or a representation of the biblical serpent, he is still corrupting the Crakers with his false dogma.

Philosophy on Teaching and Education of Orhan Seyfi Ari Essay -- Educa

ORHAN SEYFI ARI (1918 - 1992) His Philosophy on Teaching and Education Philosophies and Philosophers The late Orhan Seyfi Ari was a philosopher and educator, a teacher who was dubbed Teacher of Teachers and who a street was named after, as a teacher and headmaster hailed for social and cultural educational reform, a columnist and poet, some of his philosophy on philosophers and educational thinkers, philosophies of education and teaching, are deducible as below ~he saw himself as a humble teacher: "I am neither a scholar nor a philosopher" he wrote in his unfinished treatise -he has been hailed also as a scholar, a thinker, a philosopher. Dogrusoz (on educators & O S Ari) -Kibris, 5 Feb. 99 "Sometimes a great school is a man, sometimes a man is himself a great school" Fedai -Halkin Sesi, 27 Dec. 92 "Seeking of you insight the wonders of the universe into I knew, at last, this, that the universe was you" Metiner -Birlik, 29 Jan 93 "Well known and versed, none was he... Than the pilgrim -the teacher: Orhan Ari" Orhan Seyfi Ari rhymed thus the philosophies of philosophers, the efforts of educators, teachers, failing to wake man to his difference from mere animals he was behaving as:- " 'I was an ape' you say -or amphibian? And now?! Are you not, now.. 'man'!? " Failings were of.. philosophers, eastern and western thinkers, educational philosophy, teachers, teaching -in teaching values. Were affecting educational philosophies and educational philosophers, educators and education, teachers and teaching, philosophy and science, knowledge and wisdom, the biases of those who thrived on ignorance and sought to unpopularize each other's kind to the masses with many concerns or under pain of ridicule... ...le of quantum physics as regards the mere act of observing affecting the observed, of personal development theories being adaptations from philosophy and philosophers, was bad for teaching, education, educators, teachers. Man had potential, always learned -his appearance of being more capable of learning when young had to do with many concerns of adult life affecting as non-use did a car battery ~love aided in education and teaching but left much to be desired if rapport or response was without conscious understanding. Educators and teachers in teaching, philosophers in philosophy, did owe care in teaching and education not to couple biases affecting teaching and education contrary to man's aspirations with such innocence -that did begin by exercising thought in education, and teaching to think. "Never the thinker expires Who in others thinking inspires"

Women on The Street Essay -- essays research papers

Women on the Street Have you ever rushed down the street and felt that nagging feeling of guilt, as you breeze by someone lying in a doorway? Is she alive? Is she ill? Why do we all rush by without finding out is she's all right? People sit in train stations, bus stations, parks, doorways, unmistakably sick, with what, we don't know. All are seemingly alone. Some beg. Some don't. Some have open sores that ooze and bleed. Some are drunk. Some talk to themselves or formless others. They have no homes. Street people make up a small percentage of the homeless population. Most homeless people blend into the daily flow of urban life. Many families are homeless. Many babies go from the hospital into the shelter system, never knowing what it is like to go home. Women are another subgroup of the homeless. Solutions to homelessness are not easily found. But before we can solve problems, we must be sensitive enough that we create the will to find the solutions. Often if we do not feel the problem, if some emotional response is not made, we are not moved to seek solutions. We are often unmoved to even recognize the questions. We cannot afford to keep walking by. "Work is a fundamental condition of human existence," said Karl Marx. In punch-the-clock and briefcase societies no less than in agricultural or hunting and gathering societies, it is the organization of work that makes life in communities possible. Individual life as well as social life is closely tied to work. In wage labored societies, and perhaps in every other as well, much of an individual's identity is tied to their job. For most people jobs are a principal source of both independence and correctness to others. It should come as no surprise that, in the work force or out, work and jobs are important in the lives of homeless women. There are women who want to work and do, and women who want to work and do not. There are women who cannot work and others who should not work and still others who do not want to work. Some work regularly, some intermittently; some work part-time, some full-time; and there are even those who work two jobs. At any given moment, there is a lot of job-searching, job losing, job changing, and ... ...es could have contained the explosive forces of racial animosity, social class differences, competition for resources, overcrowding, individuals who were not always in control of their actions, and individuals who wanted to disassociate themselves from the group. but came against these forces, and born mainly out of shared homelessness and common needs, was a powerful impulse to group cohesion and solidarity. Most of the time, the impulse to solidarity was strong enough to hold the negative forces in check, there by providing the minimum of peace and good order that made social life possible. On many evenings, as the women came together in the shelter, there was sufficient good feeling and fellow feelings, when coupled with their common needs and circumstances, to allow a sense of community to sputter into life. For most women, the loneliness of their homeless state was a terrible burden to bear; this fragile bit of community, however small, was precious indeed. "Homelessness is the sum total of our dreams, policies, intentions, errors, omissions, cruelties, kindness, all of it recorded, in the flesh, in the life of the streets." (Marin 41).

Briefly Outline a Selection of Victorian Values

This essay is going to briefly outline a section of Victoria values such as separate spheres, religion and family. Outside the family sphere, one had to strive for self-improvement and industry in ones working life, and developed nations. The main focus of this essay is going to be on fallen woman. In the Victorian era women were seen as pure and clean because of this view, their bodies were seen as temples which should not be adorned with jewellery. A woman should be reminded that marrying she gives up many advantages.A few artists such as William Holman Hunt and Augustus Leopold Egg and many more portrayed these Victorian values through narrative artwork and this essay is going to discuss a few of these artist’s paintings such as The Awakening Conscience and Past and Present. The role of women was to have children and tend to the house in contrast to men, according to the concept of Victorian masculinity. If they didn’t achieve this the their husbands would have mistr esses outside their marriage. Decorating the home and wearing fine dresses became a way for women to express themselves.Religion went through it's changes as Victorian's lost interest in God. [Patterson 2007 online] However, Great Revivals would sweep across the countries of the world changing the lives of many. The separate spheres framework holds that men possessed the capacity for reason, action, aggression, independence, and self-interest thus belonging to the public sphere. Women inhabited a separate, private sphere, one suitable for the so called inherent qualities of femininity: emotion, passivity, submission, dependence, and selflessness, all derived, it was claimed insistently, form women’s sexual and reproductive organization. Patterson 2007 online]In reality women held an important position as wives since they took care of the household, any servants, helped with their husband’s work, and managed the finances, however from the male’s point of view, wo men were nothing more than overly emotional and mindless creatures ruled by their sexuality Mary Wollstonecraft penned her anger at the unfair and unjust inequality that where imposed upon women by a vocal male majority in an attempt to redress this balance.A women's role in life in the nineteenth century was decidedly placed within a male context; both sexes were to be seen acting within different realms with the men occupying what was to be known as the public sphere whilst the women were to be found in the domestic sphere [Gordon Marsden 1955]. Perhaps this splitting of realms, within the working and lower middling classes at least, into their respective roles was by-product of increasing industrialisation and its resultant hazards such as long working hours and poor working conditions imposed upon the family unit.The majority of women did not have the option not to marry: it was simply a necessity for survival. Because society prevented women from making their own living, there was an inescapable dependence upon men’s income; Barred by law and custom from entering trades and professions by which they could support themselves, and restricted in the possession of property, woman had only one means of livelihood, that of marriage her [Gordon Marsden 1955].Therefore, no matter what the women desired, most were predestined to become wives due to their economic reliance on men. Secondly, to be even considered as a potential wife, women had to be not only virgins, but were expected to remain innocent and â€Å"free from any thought of love or sexuality† until after they had received a proposal The fallen woman was quite a theme for the Pre-Raphaelites. In this painting, The Awakening Conscience, we see a mistress rising from the seat of her lover, seemingly stricken with the realization of what her life has become.The Awakening Conscience, painted by William Holman Hunt, is filled with symbolism: a cat crouches under the table devouring a dead bird, the woman’s hands are adorned with rings on every finger except where a wedding ring would be, and on the floor we see unraveling wool. The model in this painting is Annie Miller, who Holman Hunt â€Å"rescued from obscurity†. He was engaged to her and launched a campaign to better her [Gordon Marsden 1955]. As a women, then ,the first thing of importance is to be content, to be inferior to men, inferior in mental power, in the same proportion that you are inferior in bodily strength.Ruskin's defence of the Awakening Conscience in his letter to the Times helps to subvert the idea of women being dependent upon men; he refers to the model repeatedly as the ‘poor' ‘lost' girl. He victimises her and renders her as virtually helpless as she ‘starts up with agony', her ‘eyes filled with tears of ancient days’. Ruskin attempts to address the composition's power and immediacy from which ‘there is not a single object in all the room– †¦ but it becomes tragically if rightly read’[Hollis,P 1979]. He concludes that Hunt’s work challenges its contemporaries and that ‘there will not be found one powerful as this to meet †¦ he moral evil of the age†¦ to waken the mercy the cruel thoughtlessness of youth, and to subdue the severalties of judgement into the sanctity of compassion[Rutherford online n. d]. Hunt’s the Awakening Conscience, in this context may be seen as a form of morality text. The work was a direct outgrowth of mid-Victorian society which believed that prostitution posed an inherent threat to the stability of the middle-classes as prostitution encompassed and symbolised the worries of a newly industrialised society which could lead to social instability and perhaps even to a complete social breakdown.It was believed that he slide into prostitution was the end of a more general moral breakdown in one's life which was believed to stem from the act of seduction, in 1 840. William Tait in Magdalism, defined a woman's seduction as an ‘act of corrupting tempting, or enticing females from a life of chastity, by money of false promises'. The 1850 Westminster Review wrote that ‘women's desires scarcely ever lead to their fall; for the desire scarcely exists in a definite form until they have fallen; it may therefore be seen that the ideal women becomes de-sexed in her search for moral virtue [Rutherford online n. ]. William Holman Hunt's The Awakening Conscience represents not only a contemporary life subject of a fallen Magdalene but can be loosely interpreted as an example of portraiture by Pointon's definition in which we can see that the woman became as symbolically objectified as her image. In contrast Augustus Leopold Egg’s painting, known as Past and Present Nos. 1–3, (1858), is a triptych in the genre of narrative painting. The subject is the ‘fallen woman’ and together the three paintings depict an entir e scenario from discovery and outcast to the moments before the woman’s final demise.One picture shows the children alone in the home; the other picture shows their mother living under the Adelphi Terrace arches in London. The paintings â€Å"illustrate the tensions in Victorian culture between morality and sexuality†. Egg's â€Å"moral narrative on social issues†[ Patterson 2007 online ] was successful in drawing public attention to the need to address gender roles and their consequences such as divorce. The sad woman in the third picture, most likely contemplating suicide, is a result of legislation that allows a man to divorce his wife without compensation for adultery [Patterson 2007 online].Prostitution, was legal during the Victorian era, seemed to embody the second of the two categories of women present in Victorian society: the first was the pure wife and mother, the angel in the house; the other was the depraved and sexually-crazed prostitute. â€Å"Pr ostitution was a product of middle-class society and only socialism, it was claimed ,could put an end to the evil†[Nead L 1988]. However because wives and mothers were not truly respected, my belief is that prostitution reflected what men really considered all women to be: whores for the gratification of their sexual desires.And indeed in Victorian England a large number of women were prostitutes: â€Å"In a society that forced women into a position of economic dependence upon men. In conclusion men’s and society’s consistent definition of women’s roles according to their separate spheres and the reproductive system can also be seen through what today we would consider the ‘weird’ sexual values of Victorians. The issue of adultery was also skewed to favour men. While a wife’s adultery was sufficient cause to end a marriage, a woman could divorce her husband only if his adultery had been compounded by another matrimonial offence, such a s cruelty or desertion.Referencing List: Branes Lucy. (2007). Narrative Painting? Egg's Triptych And The Art of Persuasion. Available: http://www. victorianweb. org/painting/egg/paintings/barnes2. html Last accessed 29 May 2012. Hollis P ( 1979). The women's movement. London: George Allen & Unwin. 6-15. John A (1986). Unequal Opportunities Women's Employment in England. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 45-261. Lewis J (1986). Women's Experience of Home and Family. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 123-249. Lynda Nead,1988,The Prostitution and Social Chaos,Blackwell Myths of sexuality Marsden,G (1995).Personalities and Perspectives in the Nineteenth Century Society. London: Longman. 3-11. Rutherford. A,A Dramatic Reading of Augustus Leopold Egg Untitled Triptych Available online http://www. tate. org. uk/research/tateresearch/tatepapers/07spring/rutherford. htm [accesses 22 March 2012] Sigsworth M,E (1988). In search of Victorian Values. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 89-100. Patterson,C. ( 2007). Men, Divorce And Custody. Available: http://menstuff. org/issues/byissue/divorcecustodygeneral. html Last accessed 29.

How does Elizabeth Bennet contradict the typical image of an 18th century woman? Essay

The 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate women of Jane Austens pages and of her times lived a gentle, provide and delicate animateness. The rules of conduct especi in exclusively(prenominal)(prenominal)y in relation to women were defined and strict. All women were expect to be courteous, decent, fragile, polite, refined, modest and respectable, relieve oneself redeeming(prenominal) instruction, impeccable politeness and completedive aspect accessible etiquette. Women were limited to re onlyy hardly a(prenominal) activities- mainly drawing, singing and dancing. They had to be fulfil in e very(prenominal) sense experience of the articulate. An elegant cleaning fair sex must have a thorough noesis of music, singing, drawing, dancing and the new-made languages to deserve the word and at any rate all this she must possess a legitimate something in her air and manner of whirl delegacying, the line of her voice, her address and expressions, or the word give be half d eserved. Such were the requirements that troupe asked of incessantlyy woman if she wanted to catch a place of her birth in the conglutination rat race.Elizabeth bennet, the twenty-year-old heroine of the myth surcharge and Prejudice and the second oldest of the bennet sisters, has all these qualities in her. tho she is superior to all the separate women that atomic number 18 presented to us in the novel. She is accomplished and beautiful nevertheless contrary different women, she does non coming into court-off at every opportunity. She is non a pseud or a snob a want Caroline Bingley, or ignorant, idle and deceitful like her youngest sister Lydia or tactless and insensitive like her own mother, who is the object of her husbands sarcasm. Elizabeth is the fast best-loved of her cause and has geted his menu, intelligence and independence. through and through Elizabeth, Jane Austen mocks the snobbery, hypocrisy and materialism of m both(prenominal) bulk li ke Caroline Bingley, gentlewoman Catherine, Mrs. white avens and Mr. Collins.Elizabeth is fully certain of the shortcomings of her mother and her junior sisters. She is ashamed at her mothers embarrassing lack of refinement and discretion, which atomic number 18 demonstrate commencement ceremonyly at the Netherfield wind when she compensates a premature public announcement that Jane Bennet is to draw Mr. Charles Bingley, and secondly, by her dictatorial treatment of Mr. Darcy, her social superior. Mrs. Bennets lack of good breeding, intelligence and sense of sense of humor is very evident. The solace of her life was visiting and news. She loved a good chide, which is rather regular of a woman- 18th cytosine or other extraneous. blither was a major pastime for women and we understructure see how fast information obtains some town. Mrs. Philips, the sister of Mrs. Bennet, provides her with the gossip close to Meryton. It was Mrs. Philips who advised Mrs. Bennet ab out Mr. Bingley buying Netherfield, the talk around Meryton about Lydias filth and Mr. Bingleys afford to Netherfield. however non all women indulged in gossip. We do not see Jane or Elizabeth interfering with other piles task. If it was to be a secret, place not another word on the subject. You may depend on my seeking no further. Their attitude differs from their mother. thusly again, it was a necessity for Mrs. Bennet to confirm tabs on everything going around because any information might help in race to get her five daughters wed off.We git see the importance of matrimony in the 18th coulomb intelligibly through Mrs. Bennet and Mrs. Lucas. Their main byplay is arranging for their daughters to be married to prolific husbands. This desire governs Mrs. Bennets life. The business of her life was to get her daughters married. The immoral behaviour of her youngest daughter Lydia is of no importance to her erst the wedding had been announced. Instead Mrs. Bennets imm ediate concern is the wedding garment which Lydia may buy after she is married. hitherto Mrs. Bennets desire to get her daughters married off as short as possible be base on economic facts since they would not inherit any money after their fathers death.Wealth was the main criteria for a successful and secure marriage and that was what Mrs. Bennet, like all other mothers, looked for in potential grooms. Love and happiness did not subject much or in fact, at all. As Elizabeths best conversance Charlotte Lucas put it Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. This was a very common attitude in the 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate. Charlotte accepts the proposal of Mr. Collins, a grandiloquent and foolish man even though she knows that the two of them are incompatible. However she is a practical and sensible person and she is aware of her poor financial state and of her age, at twenty-seven she was considered to be an old maiden over, and thus was prepared to marr y completely for the sake of money.This draws us that very fewer options were open to a woman in Charlottes position. She could either become a governess or a companion to a lady or just roost at home, reducing her younger sisters chances of be married. Jane Austen uses the make-up of Love and Marriage to show us how the whole of a womans life revolved around marriage. From the time she is natural, she is trained and tutored to be a perfect wife. She is thought how to sit, bag, walk, talk, eat, drink, dance, sing, draw, and customize in the believe of securing a good, blind drunk husband. Elizabeth Bennet is perfect in her manners, her expressions and her civility. But I find her very different from the conventional 18th degree centigrade woman because of her ideals on love and marriage. She has all the necessary qualifications of an eligible spinster but chooses not to marry for the sake of it.Elizabeth remarks, one(a) has got all the goodness, the other all the bear ing of it, referring to Wickham and Darcy. Here the difference amidst manner and reality is highlighted. The ease with which even snappy people like Elizabeth could be deceived by appearance was a real jeopardy in Jane Austens society, with all its emphasis on manners and breeding, and with its strict order of public behaviour. People like Wickham who could come well in public were judged on that rather than on their true graphemes. Elizabeths pride and her prejudice blind her to Wickhams faults and lead her to accept his slanderous depiction of Darcy..She is tolerable but not adult enough to tempt me is what Darcy said of Elizabeth at their first meeting. This hurt combined with the knowledge of Darcys hand in separating Jane and Bingley leaves Elizabeth with a strong dislike for Darcy. Therefore when Darcy proposes to her she is dazed and dismisses him to be the last man in the field I could be prevailed upon to marry. I ideate Elizabeths rejection of Darcys proposal a very undismayed thing to do because it would have been considered sacrilege, keeping in mind the importance disposed to money in the 18th century. She impresses both Darcy and the endorsers with her wit and liveliness. Darcy, while maintaining that Elizabeths manners are not those of the fashionable world, is nevertheless attracted to her temperament and an independence of mind.However by the end of the novel Elizabeth accepts that not all first impressions can be taken at face value. We can see the themes of Appearance versus Reality and self-realisation being brought out.Elizabeths independence of spirit is show by her decision to walk to Netherfield in order to visit her sister. It is looked upon as a monstrous thing that Elizabeth Bennet should walk three miles on a country road, and fell Bingley criticizes her exclaiming to walk three miles, or whatever it is, preceding(prenominal) her ankles in dirt, and alone, sort of alone It seems to me to show an abominable sort of conceited independence, a or so country-town indifference to decorum. She looked almost unrestrained This sneering remark of Caroline Bingley shows us the typical 18th century woman psychicity. Elizabeths behaviour is considered to be unorthodox and very unladylike since she walked, unescorted all the way from Meryton to Netherfield just to see her sick sister. This shows us that Elizabeth places her sister before any social rules of etiquette.Elizabeths tender record is demonstrated by her close alliance with her sr. sister Jane, whose sensitive and compassionate nature she admires. It has been suggested that Elizabeth and Janes relationship mirrors the close relationship the author had with her own sister Cassandra. However Jane is different from Elizabeth in her gentle nature, which is so pleasant and amiable that it is almost a failing due to her unquestioning borrowing of others. Elizabeth is more outspoken and prides herself to be a good judge of character.Her per ception does not accord her to be taken in by the superficial and two- faced Caroline Bingley and Mrs. Hurst who are proud and rich and make their superior social rank known. They are introduced as fine women with a trenchant air of fashion. To work to a family whose muckle was made in trade was to belong to an inferior class. It is ironic to see Miss Bingley and her sister criticizing Jane for having an uncle with trade connections, when their own good deal was gained through trade. In the 18th century society, Miss Bingley and her sister are called ladies as they fulfill all the requirements they have money, beaut and are accomplished. But as Elizabeth notes, with satire, that they were in every respect entitled to theorise well of themselves their subsequent behaviour, particularly with wish to the Bennets is far from ladylike. Jane Austen here reveals the theme of Appearance versus Reality again and alike shows us, through Miss Bingley behaviour, that manners are a bet ter indication of breeding than birth into an upper-class family.The character of Lady Catherine de Bourgh proves this point again. She is an overbearing, self-important, and controlling aristocrat who has a narrow-minded, unpleasant and selfish manner. She feels that her rank as a Lady gives her a dear to meddle in other peoples affairs. Everyone is in awe of her pretermit for Elizabeth, since she attaches little importance to rank for its own sake. Elizabeth stands up to her and senses that she must be the first person to ever have make so. This shows us that Elizabeth is not afraid to stand up for herself oddly when Lady Catherine attempts to stoop her not to marry Darcy. Elizabeths rebelliousness shocks Lady Catherine who makes her reasons for objecting to their marriage very clear. She says honour, decorum, prudence, nay, interest, prohibit it- all reasons which Darcy had declared that he had get the best when he proposed to Elizabeth at Hunsford.Elizabeths superior of love reflects her desire to find a husband who matches her in terms of character and taste. Elizabeths relationship with Darcy is beyond what any other couples share in the novel dress and Prejudice. The bond between Elizabeth and Darcy is rationally founded, based on first-class understanding and general similarity of trace and taste. Elizabeth likes Darcy for the fact that he has no airs about him and he is honest, frank and very similar to her in character. Darcy in return is impressed by Elizabeth physical and mental energy and by her sharp wit and her ability to laugh at fortuity and her optimism.Jane Austen uses Elizabeth as her mouthpiece when she says, I hope I never ridicule what is wise or good. Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies do divert me, I own, and I laugh at them whenever I can. Elizabeth is like Jane Austen in that she is shown to be arouse in the human character. Unlike other women of her times, Elizabeth has a good sense of humour and possesses the ability to laugh at herself. Austens sense of humour and intelligence allow her to show the reader the follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies, of her characters. The way Austen presents Lydia and Mrs. Bennet are a good compositors case of this. She does this without being unfair, as she laughs not at them but at what they do. Her use of irony and satire are more estimable she uses them to show meaning without telling the reader directly and to make fun of things, especially those with social importance and meaning. The tone of Pride and Prejudice is light, satirical and vivid.We can still, in spite of the vast differences between her 18th century society and our own 21st century society, recognize ourselves in the way her characters think and behave. We all know people as cleverly manipulative and outwardly affectionate as Miss Bingley as egocentric as Lady Catherine de Bourgh and as witching(a) but as lacking in principles as Wickham. We conceal ourselves with ar rogance like Darcy assume we understand more than we do like Elizabeth and revel in gossip Like Mrs. Bennet. And the very fact that Jane Austens characters are so relatable to makes the novel all the more readable. Her writing also appealed to me because of its simplicity. I do not mean to say that her work is easy to understand, but that she uses simplistic English.I found the character of Elizabeth to be very intricately designed for she has timeless appeal. She is by no means perfect but is by far the close at hand(predicate) to perfection among all the other women in the novel. Elizabeth is vivacious, teasing, sensitive, perceptive and filled with sparkling hit and wit. Her dialogues are full of intelligence and on the nose crafted often to convey subtle meanings. Elizabeth is Jane Austens best, most loved and certainly most popular creation. I must yield I think her as elegant a creature as ever appeared in print, wrote Austen of Elizabeth few readers have ever disagreed .Elizabeth Bennet contradicts the image of the typical 18th century woman who is born and brought up only with marriage in mind. She has a mind of her own and quite a sharp one at that. She captures and captivates not only Darcy but the readers as well. She has all the qualities in her that were desired in a perfect wife. But besides these she has a certain something in her that no other woman has. She is a woman far beyond her time and would not seem out of place in todays world, two centuries later. I think Jane Austen has really created a miraculous masterpiece, which will always survive the changing demands of literature.