Business and society. Critically analyze Joel Bakans argument in the Essay

Business and society. Basically break down Joel Bakans contention in the book The Corporation - Essay Example by enterprises incorporate contaminating and harming the earth, making individuals work like slaves by broadening insignificant wages, intriguing with non-equitable and degenerate state governments to control things in their manner, utilizing mafia to quiet the voices of restriction. Bakan proceeds to propose a scope of changes that could reestablish the genuine force back to the individuals. In The Corporation, Bakan presents partnerships as the instruments of wickedness and defilement, which could be subdued and controlled by seeking after a scope of changes. In the Chapter One, Bakan proceeds to expand on the birthplaces of the organization in a chronicled viewpoint. The substance of Bakan’s contention is that in the desire for creating open foundation, the countries like the US and the UK permitted the enterprises to claim least obligation while carrying on their work. This intensity of least obligation stretched out to the organizations was additionally ensured by acquiring the laws that upheld and secured partnerships. At a neighborhood level, the state governments and the official courtrooms upheld and made lawful instruments that secured organizations, to draw in corporate speculation. With the progression of time, these enterprises advanced into natural ideas that applied huge and wild control over the investors and the majority. Plus, the division of proprietorship and control by stretching out offers to the investors permitted the companies to carry on their business with considerably less control and limitation. The restr icted risk allowed to the enterprise was ensured by the law, yet in addition streamed out of the tremendous riches claimed by the organizations. Continuously, companies developed into self supporting substances, which had the ability to impact the general public, however were autonomous of the general public in their working. In Chapter Two to Five, Bakan disentangles the damage caused to the general public by the partnerships as natural contamination, abuse of the work and control of the laws

AP Lit Vocab Essays

AP Lit Vocab Essays AP Lit Vocab Paper AP Lit Vocab Paper Article Topic: A Raisin in the Sun A. E. Housman Poems Anne Sexton Poems Christina Rossetti Poems Elizabeth Bishop Poems Ezra Pound Poems George Herbert Poems Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Poems Jonathan Swift Poems Keats Poems and Letters Lycidas Phillis Wheatley Poems Poes Poetry Poes Short Stories Verse Seamus Heaney Poems The Complete Poems of William Blake The Convergence Of the Twain The Faerie Queene The Poetry of Dh Lawrence The Poetry Of Robert Penn Warren The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The Sonnets of John Milton Thomas Gray Poems Thomas Hardy Poems Wallace Stevens Poems William Carlos Williams Poems Accentual Verse Section whose meter is dictated by the quantity of focused (highlighted) syllables-paying little heed to the all out number of syllables-in each line. Numerous Old English sonnets, including Beowulf, are accentual; see Ezra Pounds present day interpretation of The Seafarer. All the more as of late, Richard Wilbur utilized this equivalent Anglo-Saxon meter in his sonnet Junk. Conventional nursery rhymes, for example, Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, are regularly accentual. Accentual-Syllabic Verse Section whose meter is dictated by the number and rotation of its focused and unstressed syllables, sorted out into feet. From line to line, the quantity of stresses (highlights) may fluctuate, however the all out number of syllables inside each line is fixed. Most of English sonnets from the Renaissance to the nineteenth century are composed by this metrical framework. Alexandrine In English, a 12-syllable versifying line adjusted from French brave stanza. The last line of every refrain in Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain and Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark is an alexandrine. Purposeful anecdote An all-encompassing allegory wherein the characters, places, and items in a story convey metaphorical significance. Regularly an allegorys significance is strict, moral, or recorded in nature. John Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress and Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene are two significant symbolic works in English. Similar sounding word usage The reiteration of beginning focused on, consonant sounds in a progression of words inside an expression or stanza line. Similar sounding word usage need not reuse every single introductory consonant; pizza and spot use similar sounding words. Model: We saw the ocean sound sing, we heard the salt sheet tell, from Dylan Thomass Lie Still, Sleep Becalmed. Peruse sonnets with similar sounding word usage. Implication A concise, purposeful reference to a verifiable, mythic, or scholarly individual, spot, occasion, or development. The Waste Land, T. S. Eliots compelling long sonnet is thick with references. The title of Seamus Heaneys personal sonnet Singing School suggests a line from W.B. Yeatss Sailing to Byzantium (Nor is there singing school however contemplating/Monuments of its own grandness). Peruse sonnets with implications. Anapest A metrical foot comprising of two unaccented syllables followed by a complemented syllable. The words underneath and defeat are anapestic. Ruler Byrons The Destruction of Sennacherib is written in anapestic meter. Anaphora The reiteration of a word or words toward the start of progressive expressions, provisions, or lines. See Paul Muldoons As, William Blakes The Tyger, or a lot of Walt Whitmans verse, including I Sing the Body Electric. Humanoid attribution A type of exemplification wherein human characteristics are ascribed to anything barbaric, normally a divine being, creature, item, or idea. In Vachel Lindsays What the Rattlesnake Said, for instance, a snake depicts the feelings of dread of his envisioned prey. John Keats respects a stars cherishing watchfulness (with everlasting covers separated) in his piece Bright Star, Would I Were as Steadfast as Thou Art. Punctuation A location to a dead or missing individual, or representation as though the person in question were available. In his Holy Sonnet Death, be not glad, John Donne denies passings power by legitimately scolding it. Emily Dickinson tends to her missing object of energy in Wild evenings!- Wild evenings! Paradigm An essential model from which duplicates are made; a model. As indicated by therapist Carl Jung, prime examples develop in writing from the aggregate unaware of humankind. Northrop Frye, in his Anatomy of Criticism, investigates models as the representative examples that repeat inside the universe of writing itself. In the two methodologies, model subjects incorporate birth, demise, kin contention, and the individual versus society. Originals may likewise be pictures or characters, for example, the saint, the darling, the drifter, or the female authority. Sound similarity The reiteration of vowel sounds without rehashing consonants; once in a while called vowel rhyme. See Amy Lowells In a Garden (With its jumping, and profound, cool mumble) or The Taxi (And yell into the edges of the breeze). Peruse sonnets with sound similarity. Aubade An adoration sonnet or tune inviting or bemoaning the appearance of the sunrise. The structure started in medieval France. See John Donnes The Sun Rising and Louise Bogans Leave-Taking. Peruse more aubade sonnets. Anthem A famous account melody went down orally. In the English custom, it typically follows a type of rhymed (abcb) quatrains exchanging fours of this abstract melody structure incorporate John Keatss La Belle Dame sans Merci, Thomas Hardys During Wind and Rain, and Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. Peruse more numbers. Clear refrain Unrhyming predictable rhyming, additionally called courageous refrain. This 10-syllable line is the transcendent mood of customary English emotional and epic verse, as it is considered the nearest to English discourse designs. Sonnets, for example, John Miltons Paradise Lost, Robert Brownings sensational monologs, and Wallace Stevenss Sunday Morning, are composed dominatingly in clear stanza. Peruse increasingly clear refrain sonnets. Discord Brutal or grating word sounds; something contrary to musicality. See cacophony. Rhythm The designing of cadence in regular discourse, or in verse without an unmistakable meter (i.e., free stanza). Caesura A stop or respite in a metrical line, regularly set apart by accentuation or by a syntactic limit, for example, an expression or statement. An average caesura parts the line in equivalent parts, as is normal in Old English verse (see Beowulf). Average caesurae (plural of caesura) can be found all through contemporary artist Derek Walcotts The Bounty. At the point when the interruption happens around the start or stopping point, it is named, separately, introductory or terminal. Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Mother and Poet contains both beginning (Dead! One of them shot via ocean in the east) and terminal caesurae (No voice says My mom again to me. What?) Ordinance A rundown of creators or works viewed as fundamental to the personality of a given scholarly convention or culture. This common utilization of the word is gotten from its unique importance as a posting of every approved book in the Bible. William Shakespeare, John Milton, and William Blake are as often as possible found on arrangements of standard writing in English. Canto A long subsection of an epic or long story sonnet, for example, Dante Alighieris Commedia (The Divine Comedy), first utilized in English by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene. Different models incorporate Lord Byrons Don Juan and Ezra Pounds Cantos. Chiasmus Reiteration of any gathering of section components (counting rhyme and linguistic structure) backward request, for example, the rhyme conspire ABBA. Models can be found in Biblical sacred writing (But numerous that are first/Shall be last,/And numerous that are last/Shall be first; Matthew 19:30). See likewise John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn (Beauty is truth, truth magnificence). Diversion An indirect wording, for example, Samuel Taylor Coleridges twice five miles of fruitful ground (i.e., 10 miles) in Kubla Khan. Otherwise called periphrasis. Regular Measure A quatrain that rhymes ABAB and interchanges four-stress and three-stress versifying lines. It is the meter of the song and the number. A considerable lot of Emily Dickinsons sonnets are written in like manner measure, including [It was not passing, for I stood up]. See additionally Robert Haydens The Ballad of Nat Turner and Elinor Wylies A Crowded Trolley Car. See additionally Poulters measure and fourteener. Peruse increasingly normal measure sonnets. Grievance A sonnet of regret, regularly coordinated at a disastrous love, as in Henry Howards Complaint of the Absence of Her Love Being upon the Sea, or Sir Philip Sidneys Astrophel and Stella XXXI. A grievance may likewise be a satiric assault on social foul play and corruption; in The Lie, Sir Walter Ralegh harshly rails against institutional affectation and human vanity (Tell men of high condition,/That deal with the home,/Their motivation is desire,/Their training just detest.). Vanity From the Latin expression for idea, a wonderful pride is a frequently offbeat, coherently unpredictable, or amazing analogy whose joys are more educated than erotic. Petrarchan (after the Italian writer Petrarch) prides figure intensely in poems, and complexity progressively regular arousing symbolism to depict the experience of adoration. In Shakespeares Sonnet XCVII: How like a Winter hath my Absence been, for instance, What freezings have I felt, what dull days seen! regrets the sweetheart, however his partition happens in the prolific long stretches of summer and fall. Less ordinary, progressively exclusive affiliations describe the mystical arrogance. John Donne and other alleged powerful artists [link to glossary term] utilized arrogances to intertwine the tactile and the theoretical, exchanging on the component of shock and unlikeness to hold the perusers consideration. In A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, for example, John Donne imagines two weaved sweethearts as the purposes of a compass. (For additional on Donnes arrogances, see Stephen Burts Poem Guide on John Donnes The Sun Rising.) Solid verse Section that accentuates nonlinguistic components in its importance, for example, a typeface that makes a visual picture of the theme. Models incorporate George Herberts Easter Wings and The Alt

Short Story Metaphors and Characterizations

Short Story Metaphors and Characterizations It is impossible to write a good short story without a compelling main character or group of characters. The fact that a well-written short story requires refined characterization skills is enough to show why the use of metaphor in the genre is prolific. In such, understanding metaphor as a path to characterization is vitally important for the short story writer and is one of the many factors that make the genre so uniquely complicated to write.In Poetics, the revered Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote: [T]he greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor… [it is] a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars. This perception he speaks of isnt always easy to come by, which means that metaphor, when used correctly and in its most potent form, isnt easy. It involves layers of meaning and imagery, and reflects the authors own scope of knowledge. The way it will be read and interpreted is based on the individual readers uni que and varied scope of knowledge, creating thousands of potential possibilities when it comes to interpretation of the work.Beyond the limitless possibilities, metaphor as a literary device allows one or two words to carry the weight of many. With successful use of metaphor, an author can speak volumes through the use of a single word or phrase, and induce the reader to understand the character in a more intimate way or in a more specific way. You can have a character who is pale, but describing a womans bone white skin immediately calls to mind the macabre, and has subtly mixed a mood of mortality and death into the story with the use of that one simple description.Why metaphor worksMetaphor is one of those indispensable literary devises that encourages interpretation based on the readers own experiences and background knowledge. In this way, it serves to create layers of meaning for each individual reader, giving him or her the pleasure of interpretationâ€"an interpretation that might indeed be vastly different than what the author intended. This unique characteristic of metaphor adds depth to literature, particularly short stories, in that it helps the reader intuit a great deal of information within a short period of time. You could write, he felt nervous opening the door and the reader could empathize with him, at most. However, you could write that his hands were two large land masses quaking, and the door was the fault line, and an entire new layer of interpretation opens up. He isnt just nervous, this isnt just some random doorâ€"in fact, opening it could be his very raison dêtre.Consider some of the following literary metaphors written by famous authors, and how such language helped solidify these writers place in literary history:All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages.William ShakespeareDying is a wild night and a new road.Emily DickinsonIn the eastern sky there was a yellow patch like a rug laid for the feet of the coming sun…Stephen Crane…when I laid down the paper, I was aware of a flashâ€"rushâ€"flowâ€"I do not know what to call itâ€"no word I can find is satisfactorily descriptiveâ€"in which I seemed to see that bedroom passing through my room, like a picture impossibly painted on a running river.Charles Dickens…impressions poured in upon her of those two men, and to follow her thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be taken down by ones pencil…Virginia WoolfThe many faces of metaphorsA common error many beginning writers make is the assumption that metaphor is limited to certain parts of speech when in fact, you can make use of the metaphor in several ways. For example, you can use a metaphor as:A verb (The smile that invaded her face was evidence enough.)An adjective (His imprisoning stare demanded her attention.)An adverb (He spoke musically, each wor d in crescendo.)A prepositional phrase (She looked at me with the eye of an eagle.)A modifier (At her feet lay the pieces of torn paper, a graveyard of ink soaking in the puddled rain.)The eye of a poetUsing metaphor is the only way to achieve profound characterization. No one knows this better than the poet, who is generally more limited in word count than even the short story writer, and must say as much as possible in a format that is famished for words. For this reason, as an exercise in perfecting ones craft and the use of metaphor, try looking at your short storys rough draft with the eyes of a poet. If you had to reduce an entire short story to a poemâ€"and its main character(s) to poetic figuresâ€"what images would you use in doing so? Which parts of the story would be the focus and what metaphor or imagery would you use to elicit the desired response from your reader?You can take this exercise one step further and actually write that poem. When its finished, convert it back into prose and use the metaphors it introduces as highlights of your short storys climax or dénouement; or, use the imagery randomly throughout your short story to deepen the level of characterization you have already developed.

Useful Phrases to Learn for French Class

If you are a student of French, you should learn typical classroom requests and statements expressed as French words and phrases. The more you use French in context and hear it spoken, the more you will internalize it. After a while, it becomes natural, as though youve always known it. The younger you are, the easier it is to learn another language; the older you get, the more you need to practice. Essential Phrases to Use in  French Class Pay close attention to how you say these words and phrases in French, particularly the vowels, which require you to open your mouth and elongate your lips  much more than in English. If you say a French  o,  for instance, form your lips in the shape of an o; youd be surprised how much this helps achieve a true French sound. Click on the links to hear how the words and phrases are pronounced. To make it easier to learn how to say the word or phrase in French, the meaning is given first in English, followed by the French translation: What?   Comment?I dont know.   Je ne sais pas.I dont understand.   Je ne comprends pas.I have a problem.   Jai un problà ¨me.I have a question.   Jai une question.What page?   Quelle page?I forgot my ___.   Jai oublià © mon/ma ___. May I borrow a ___?   Puis-je emprunter un/une ___ ?May I go to the bathroom?   Puis-je aller aux toilettes?I would like (to) ___.   Je voudrais ___.I need (to) ___.   Jai besoin de ___. Essential  Words to Use in  French  Class Sometimes you only need a single word to make your point clear in class. The examples show you how to say classroom words in French: Yes  Ã‚  ouiNo  Ã‚  non  OK  Ã‚  daccord  Who  Ã‚  quiWhat  Ã‚  quoi  When  Ã‚  quand  Where  Ã‚  oà ¹Why  Ã‚  pourquoiHow  Ã‚  comment Translating Asking how to say words in French class will be easier with the following translations: How do you say ___ in French?   Comment dit-on ___ en franà §ais?What is ___ in French?  Ã‚  ___, cest quoi en franà §ais?What does ___ mean?   Que veut dire ___ ?What is the English translation of this sentence?   Quelle est la traduction de cette phrase? Listening and Understanding Youll know how to ask for help in the classroom after you study the following questions and requests: Repeat,  please.   Rà ©pà ©tez, sil vous plaà ®t.One more time   Encore une foisSlower (Or: More slowly)   Plus lentementHow do you spell it?   Comment est-ce que cela sà ©crit?Can you write it?   Pouvez-vous là ©crire?Whats the difference between ___ and ___?   Quelle est la diffà ©rence entre ___ et ___ ?Is this sentence correct?   Cette phrase est correcte? Resources and Tips In addition to classroom words and phrases, take the time to review  essential French,  greetings, terms of politeness, and additional words for  school and supplies, as well as the most common  French phrases  and  words. If you need more practice to feel comfortable using these expressions, try enlisting a friend or family member to help you: For instance, one of you could say the expression in English, while the other gives the translation in French.

The Glass Menagerie By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1267 Words

The Glass Menagerie is arguably the most symbolic and deep plays ever written. The Glass Menagerie isn’t just a story of Laura’s disability, it has a deeper meaning behind it, and it can be easily overlooked by mediocre minds. Although the story revolves around the Wingfield family, Tennessee Williams throws in symbolism that corresponds with his childhood. In a way, he found closure for the loss of his sister Rose through writing The Glass Menagerie. One of the symbols is the play that holds a different meaning for each of the characters is the fire escape. As the play evolves the fire escape brings out Laura’s, Tom’s, and Amanda’s true desires. OR The fire escape like the other symbols hold a deeper understanding of the characters, and although Tennessee didn’t admit that he wrote this story off of his own experiences as a child having dealt with similar circumstances, it’s obvious it was written about his childhood. So, the symbolism also makes a deeper understanding of Tennessee himself and the kind of life he lived. As I said the fire escape shows the desire of escape, the realization of danger within the Wingfield home, and the characters’ true qualities are brought out by the fire escape. For Laura, the fire escape is symbolic to show how interdependent she is on other people once she slipped and fell. It signified that she can’t even go outside alone without getting hurt. Laura always needs someone to be with her. The real world is too much for Laura; she couldShow MoreRelatedThe Glass Menagerie By F. Scott Fitzgerald1267 Words   |  6 Pages The Glass Menagerie is arguably the most symbolic and deep plays ever written. The Glass Menagerie isn’t just a story of Laura’s disability, it has a deeper meaning behind it, and it can be easily overlooked by mediocre minds. Although the story revolves around the Wingfield family, Tennessee Williams throws in symbolism that corresponds with his childhood. In a way, he found closure for the loss of his sister Rose through writing The Glass Menagerie. One of the symbols is the play that holds aRead MoreComplicated and Tragic Stories of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzerald1140 Words   |  5 Pagesclear how your life is simply a struggle for existence. In the novel The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Tom, an aspiring writer attempts to survive within the confines of his tiny apartment, and resist his urge to escape. Likewise hundreds of miles away, during a completely separate time a young entrepreneur, Jay Gatsby, struggles to exist within a world of wealth in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Their battle for existence is evident through each authors use of characterizationRead More Its Every Girl for Herself in Bernice Bobs Her Hair Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesIts Every Girl for Herself in Bernice Bobs Her Hair      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Picture a fragile glass merry-go-round, a menagerie, if you will, of adolescent social classes and structure. The animals revolve, always mindlessly following the one in front, each measuring his own height compared to his neighbors. If you fall short or fall behind, never fear, just throw a jagged rock and shatter Mr. Popularity in front, take his place, and the merry-go-round revolves still. There is no world outside, nothing mattersRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay778 Words   |  4 Pagesthey could be seen to be opposing the great social, political, and to an extent, cultural changes during 20s America which was mainly achieved through industrialization and rapid advancements of inventions such as the first ever US radio station. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby† is a text reflective of the period in which it was written, ‘The Roaring Twenties’. It was written in America during the mid 1920s, a time o f moral decadence and feelings of complacency following the conclusion ofRead MoreThe American Dream By F. Scott Fitzgerald2154 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and is failed by those who try to achieve it. At the end of this novel Jay Gatsby, the main character, ends up dead, along with an honest man and his wife, thus killing the dreams each of these people were working for throughout their life. It is stated by the narrator, It was after we started with Gatsby toward the house that the gardener saw Wilson s body a little way off in the grass, and the holocaust was complete† (Fitzgerald 162). This is one of manyRead MorePoverty Is A Symbol Of Hope And Prosperity1863 Words   |  8 Pagesthoughts and ideas using emotional storylines for everyone to read. Through the literature that exposed these problems to the world, authors such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Arthur Miller had removed the curtains over the people’s eyes and showed the ent irety of America. In relation to curtains and Arthur Miller, the American dramas, such as The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire, became quite popular during the twentieth century. However, there are plays that the general public do not quiteRead MoreEssay on Insecurity and Self-Esteem1060 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen used to tell the story of mankind, and when it comes to insecurity in America, many authors were not afraid talk about it in their novels, though many of their characters. Two great examples of this are The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby himself is one of the main example of insecurity, throughout the whole book, we as the reader see how much he does with his money for so many people just so he can make them likeRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesVenice The Autobiography of An Ex-Colored Man Mrs. Warren’s Profession The Awakening Pà ¨re Goriot Billy Budd The Picture of Dorian Gray Crime and Punishment The Plague Faust Poccho Fences The Scarlet Letter The Glass Menagerie Silas Marner Great Expectations Sister Carrie The Great Gatsby Sula Heart of Darkness The Turn of the Screw Hedda Gabler Typical American 2002 (Form B): Often in literature a character’s success in achieving goals dependsRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesBabbitt (1922) Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941) Winesburg, Ohio (1919), stories of small-town people The Triumph of the Egg (1921), stories and poems Death in the Woods and Other Stories (1933) The Lost Generation F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway John Dos Passos F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) This Side of Paradise (1920) Flappers and Philosophers (1920) Tales of Jazz Age (1922) The Beautiful and Damned (1922) The Great Gatsby (1925) Tender Is the Night (1934) The Last Tycoon (1941)

Principles of Advertising Study Guide Free Essays

* Advertising Business – Either using an agency or have your own advertising department/advertise on your own. Government – is a regulatory body, create laws to regulate advertising, things you can advertise and things you cant advertise Cigarete Comercials on TV Lobby – Corp trying to lobby gov. to change for the good, two forces, that think gov, is a positive thing and thinks its good for them to regulate everything and keep things in order. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Advertising Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now others who think the gov. needs to be smaller, and that they should not have as much control. Society – the culture that your brought up in, tradition, morals and values of the people. Business Finance – the amount of money involved in advertising to promote your product. Marketing – Finding a need that the people want, and filling that need. Advertising – Non personal (to everyone whose watching, not just to one person), Always paid for, communication of info about the companies product, service or idea through the various medias (Television, Radio, Magazines, Internet) Public Relations – figuring out what the people want. Publicity – exactly like advertising but free Personal Selling – what you selling is relatively expensive, and exclusive. Trade shows – where companies get to meet perspective corp. uyers, they can buy a lot of stuff on behalf of their company. Promotions – any inducement or excitement to get you excited about the companies product. (giving out free t-shirts) Operations – whatever the company does Types of markets advertising goes after Consumer Market – things you might see o n tv or hear on the radio Business/Profesional Market Government – Trying to sell things to the government, and Profesional – advertising for accounting software, and things that your generally not going to read for pleasure, but there going to be ways to improve your business. Bar Magazines, no one is going to buy the stuff in that magazine, but owners of restraunts are going to buy it. Business – trying to get your beer on the first shelf, and dealing with the grocery store , or liquor store Integrated Marketing system – Customers hear from a various amount of different markets. (Flagler College business Cards) The consistency so everyone knows what a companies about, and what their image, logo, and slogan is. All state – Have their lil slogan on anything they hand out, â€Å"The Good Hands People†, and have their logo on most things, and have their color that they always use, so it will last in peoples memories and they associate everything their company with it. Art to creating proper advertising to get their message out properly. Theres going to be a persona (Spokesperson), a Medium (Getting the message out with a catchy phrase or something) , and the way people will receive it. Spokesperson – Someone that speaks on behalf of a company. hey can be a person (like William Shatner for priceline) but they can also be a persona (like Ronald Mc’Donald), pretty much any person that’s getting the companies message out. They should be catchy, and will use catchy phrases (subway foot-long song, or I want my Baby Back Ribs) You need that artistic eye, certain color combos can make all the difference and mean completely different things. A lot of times they will a dvertise things as being bigger, and sounding better than they are. A lot of companies will take out some of the product, Bags of potato chips, making a beer only 11. 5 ounces rather than 12. out of 5 dentist recommend it ( that’s not a lot of dentist out of the millions that exist) Price Economic Argument – Argument that competition Exclusive Distributions – you need to buy the right to sell a certain product in that area. Advertising perpetuating stereotypes – advertising can sometimes bring out stereotypes for certain people. They have women in the kitchen in commercials, and men always doing the work. Ad agencies need to regulate themselves, they actually meet every year to figure out what they can do, and what they can’t do. FTC – Federal trade commission deal with any company that does trade with more than one state. If there is not trading involved in more than one state than it is generally just regulated by the states capital The FTC will tell people to not air something, and make sure that nothing offensive is on the air. If you don’t sign the consent to agree then you have make another commercial correcting your mistake, and putting out a new ad with the correction on your expense. (corrective advertising) Puffery – is exaggeration, and that is something you can do. * self actualization – becoming the top , ceo, of a company, you’ve proven to the world that your at the top, and are very successful. Generally these people will buy the expensive cars, boats, jets, watches, and ect. * Assumption Factor – Never assume you know what your target is, or what they want. * Task Utility – product or service that does something for you, makes doing a task easier. * Premade food * Form utility – when a manufacturer puts together hundreds of pieces that yo u would not want to do. * A computer being built for you, a chair, ect. * Time Utility – product or service available when you want it. * Can’t buy a Harley Davidson right away, going to be at least a few months to get one. * Where utility – the product is available where you want. This includes being delivered to your house. * â€Å"Perception is the reality† – if you perceive a product to be better, than it is. * * Ch. 1 Advertising Today Advertising lets customer aware of a product, comprehend what its used for, and see how it is different from its competition. Info will help create a conviction, that this product is better. It will then give the customer a desire to buy from this retailer, and help them take the action to buy a product. Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) – when consumers receive consistent and positive messages about a brand. Marketing Communications – Tools that companies and organizations use to initate and maintain contact with their customer, clients, and prospects. Advertising – is the structured and composed nonpersonal communication of information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products by identified sponsors through various media. A type of communication, structured, and composed Directed to groups of people, not individuals so its nonpersonal Most is paid for by sponsors Public service messages – carried at no charge because of their nonprofit status. Product – encompasses goods, services, and ideas. Medium – the channel of communication advertising reaches us through. Word of mouth (WOM) – when you tell somebody how much you like a product. Becoming more popular thanks to twitter and facebook. Mass Media – the traditional way of advertising. Addressable media – direct mail. Interactive media – the internet Nontradional media – shopping carts, blimps, and dvds. * Two types of dimensions in advertising * Communication dimension – how advertising is actually a form of structured, literary communication. Marketing dimension – explains the important role advertising plays in business. Economic dimension – shows how and why advertising evolved as it did. Social and ethical dimension – considers the impact of advertising on consumers, businesses and society. * Source Dimension Sponsor – the company advertising a product or idea, legally responsible for the communication and has a message to communicate to actual consumers. Author – the sponsors ad agency, a creative team at an ad agency. Persona – real or imaginary spokesperson who lends some voice or tone to the ad. * Message dimension Autobiographical – tell a story about myself to you the imaginary audience. Narrative messages – a third-person persona tells a story about others to an imagined audience. Drama message – the characters act out events directly in front on an imagined epmpathetic audience. * Reciever Dimensions Implied consumers – Adressed by the ad’s persona, imagined by the ad’s creators to be the ideal consumers who accept uncritically the arguments made by the ad. Sponsorial consumer- the gatekeepers who decide if the ad will run or not, group of decision makers at the sponsors organization. Actual Consumer – people in the real world who make up the ad’s target audience. They will actually get to see and hear the ad . * Feedback – completes the cycle, verifying that the message was received. * Every business has three broad functional division – Operations, Finance, and Marketing. * Marketing – the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, distribution, and promotion of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that atisfy the perceived needs, wants, and objectives of individuals and organizations. Consumer advertising – most advertising falls under this category. Retail advertising – advertising sponsored by retail stores and businesses. PSA (Public Service Announcements) – Industrial / Business Markets Business to business – rarely seen by the actually consumer, because they will generally specialize in one department. Kitchen Magazines for restraunts. Trade Advertising – Wholesalers, retailers, and dealers. Generally a product is sold to these companies so they can get rid of a mass quanity at one time. Professional advertising – advertising aimed at teachers, accountants, doctors, engineers, ect. Used to convince professionals to recommend or prescribe a specific product or service, to buy brands of equipment and supplies for use in their work, or to use the product personally. Agricultural advertising – to promote products and services used in agriculture to farmers and other employed in agribusiness. Price strategies – Image advertising – creates a perception of a company or a personality for a brand, is rarely explicit about price. Almost never mention price, but always say how cool it is to have their product. Sale advertising – used most often by retailers, dealers, and shops to call attention to a recent drop in the price of a brand or service. Place : Global, international, national, regional, and local. Promotion Personal selling – face to face interaction or telemarketing. Usually high priced items like cars or real estate. Product advertising – service and goods Nonproduct advertising – sells ideas Noncommercial advertising – seeks donations, volunteers, or changes in consumer behavior. Awareness advertising – wants to create an image for a product and position it competitively with the goal of getting readers or viewrers more aware of their product. Action advertising (Direct-response) – toll free number for immediate information. Sales promotion – coupons, free samples, contests, or rebates on the purchase price. Public Relations – Collateral materials – brocures, catalogs, posters, sales kits, instruction booklet, ect. Art Director – responsible for visuals Creative Director – responsible for all creative departments Typically comes from the copy side * Graphic designer – works on the visuals * Rainmaker – acountive executive, they pitch what advertising agency can do * Copy-writer – responsible for the slogan, and words * Resignance – you get what the ad is trying to get through, or say to you. Relevant – good ads should all be relevant, has some type of reason. * What good advertising should do : Inform – where is product, how much does it cost, what is it, Persuasion – should give you reasons to try product or service Reminding – have to continue to let you know that they are still there. Objective statement  œ what ad is trying to accomplish, are you solving a problem, something that makes life easier Supportive Statement – what can you put in there to support what you are saying Getting a spokesperson, athlete to go in there to back up the product. Primary demand – demand for the entire product class Selective demand – demand for a particular brand. Abundance principle – states that in an economy that produces more goods and services than can be consumed, advertising serves two important purposes. Keeps consumers informed of their alternatives (Complete information) It allows companies to compete more effectively for consumer dollars (Self-Interest) * Why people are against advertising Short term manipulative arguments – saying advertising is deceptive or manipulative. Puffery – exaggerated, subjective claims that can’t be proven true or false, such as â€Å"the best†, or â€Å"the only way to fly†. Non-product facts – aimed not at the product but the consumer, and does not really give any information about the actual product. Such as â€Å"Pepsi. The choice of a new generation†. Social or enviormental impact of advertising – long-term macro arguments. Manipulates us into buying things we don’t need. Replacing our citizen democracy with a selfish consumer democracy. Only 17 percent of consumers view advertising as a source of information to help them decide what to buy. Too much advertising. * Ethical – means doing what is morally right in a given situation. * Social responsibility – doing what society views as the best for the welfare of people in general or for a specific community of people. * CARU (Childrens Advertising Review Unit – promotes responsible children’s advertising and to respond to public concerns, self regulatory guidelines for childrens advertising. * Fair information practice principles Notice – requires website to clearly post its privacy policy Choice – consumers level of control over being profiled and how their information is used Access – ability for consumer to access information collected about them and make amendments to it. Security – requires advitisers to protect the data they have colleceted Enforcement – requires all industry members subject themselves to third party monitoring by independent company. FTC – major regulator of advertising for products sold in interstate commerce. Substantiation – supporting data and scientific studies to their products purpose Endorsements – the person promoting the product can’t be misleading, he has to actually use that product himself. Affirmative disclosure – gives health warnings Remedies for unfair advertising Consent decree – document the advertiser signs agreeing to stop the objectionable advertising Cease and desist order – when consent decree wont be signed ftc may prohibit further use of the ad. Corrective decree – explains how their ad was wrong before and corrects the misleading mistake. FCC – responsible for protecting the public interest and encouraging competition. Four distinct groups in advertising Advertisers – companies that sponsor advertising for themselves and their products. Advertising agencies – helps the advertisers plan, create, and prepare ad campaigns and other promotional materials. Suppliers – assist both advertisers and agencies in preparing advertising materials. Media – sell time and space to carry the advertisers message to the target audience. Local advertising – targeting customers in their geographic area. Sometimes called retail advertising because retail stores account for so much of it. Dealers or local franchisees of national companies. Stores sell a variety of items. (grocery, department stores, convience) Speciality businesses and services (Banks, restaurants) Governmental, and nonprofit organizations. Product advertising – promotes a specific product or service Regular price-line advertising – informs consumers about services or merchandise offered at regular prices. Accounting firms might use regualar price-line Sales advertising – placing items on sale and offering deals Clearance advertising – making room for a new product line getting rid of the old stuff at a low price Institutional advertising – create a favorable long-term perception of the business as a whole, not just of a particular product or service. â€Å"Im loving campagn†. More of an idea Classified advertising – locate and recruit new empoyees, offer services, sell or lease merchandise. Integrated marketing communications – (IMC) joining together in a consistent manner everything that communicates with customers. Co-op advertising – build the manufacturers brand image and to help its distributors, dealers, or retailers make more sales. Newspapers – want to advertise in newspaper because a lot of people, different sections for different types of ads, and can also be local. Disadvantage – poor production, no high quality animation and mostly black and white. Ad is normally short termed, because new paper comes out everyday. How to cite Principles of Advertising Study Guide, Essay examples

Justification of selection process an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Justification of selection process Introduction The process chosen is a combination of a number of techniques. First a job analysis is done, this is then followed by a description of the type of vacancy involved and the position is specified, a selection process is done and lastly a justification made for this choice. Students Often Tell EssayLab support: I'm don't want to write my paper because I want to spend time with my boyfriend. Can I pay for paper writing here? Specialists recommend: EssayLab is Your Best Essay Helper Job analysis The purpose of the job analysis is to give a brief outline of all the requirements for the job. (Ervin, 1999) The method used is a combination of questionnaires, recommendations and observation. The observation will be done by the human resource manager who will find out what the physical and intellectual needs of a chef are. Recommendations will be done by members of staff from the affiliate restaurant that performs similar roles or those who supervise persons similar to the vacant position. Lastly, the method of Common Method Questionnaire will be used to obtain accurate information about the vacancy. This questionnaire will include five sections and 247 questions. The sections will be divided as follows; general background, decision making physical activities, contacts with people and work setting. The questions asked will include the following: Do you use cook books or TV recipes for your work? Ratings are also done by placing answers within four scales. Need essay sample on "Justification of selection process" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Job description The job description contains the following information: Department: Kitchen Job title: Senior Chef Responsibility: ensuring effective kitchen operation and customer service Job purpose: to coordinate a team of chefs and provide customer care. Main function: a) Kitchen duties- planning regular meals in the menu, planning specials, preparing meals and dishes to acceptable standards and adhering to strict hygienic standards. b) Customer care- providing direct friendly service to customers or ensuring waiters and waitresses do it appropriately, monitoring the speed of food production and providing assistance in the presentation of food. Special conditions: work will be done during the weekends and holidays. Overtime will also be necessary and will be paid accordingly and normal working hours will expected to be 32 hours. Position specification The company: The Tomato Deep Company is a restaurant that offers a variety of catering services from regular dishes to special functions like weddings and other entertainment activities. Location: Massachusetts Reporting relationships: the candidate who qualifies will report to the restaurant manager. Basic function: The Senior chef will ensure that food is made to acceptable standards and will provide customer care. Skills: supervising skills, meal presentation, meal preparation and customer care skills. Education: the candidate should have a degree in Catering and food services. Required experience: five to ten years experience in a busy restaurant. Skills: Must be innovative when coming up with new menus Must have good managerial skills to coordinate work done by other chefs Must be an excellent communicator with an ability to work well under pressure Selection Process This aspect will involve use of a number of processes. Because the application will be advertised in print media, it will generate a lot of buzz. A number of processes will be necessary in order to eliminate a high number of candidates. (Michael, 2002) Applications A resume and application letter will be necessary for this process and it must contain information about ones qualifications. The cover letter will be written manually and candidates must include all the information necessary from the job descriptions and must have at least the minimum qualification. (Jack, 2003) Performance Exam The performance exam will be conducted in order to determine whether candidates are able to do tasks related to the job. Notices will be given to applicants who passed through the first round. The exam will be conducted by chefs from Tomato Deeps affiliate restaurant from Mississippi. The following will be examined during this process: quality of work (this will be checked by testing the dish prepared, and examining table presentations), safety (the candidate must adhere to strict HACCP standards in his/her food handling), adaptability (candidates must be able to come up with a suitable meal given certain ingredients) and lastly, their ability to work well under pressure (they will be given two groups to cater to while preparing the dish). (Schuler, 1998) Panel interview Candidates considered are those who passed the latter exam and results obtained from this process will make candidates eligible for another selection interview- this will only be for candidates who score a percentage greater than seventy. The Panel will be made up of three evaluators. Candidates will be asked questions relating to the position of a Chef and this will be done within a specific time i.e. fifteen minutes each. Candidates will be categorized into three group starting from the least qualified to the most qualified: the first category will be called qualified, the second category is the well qualified group and the last category will be called Superior Candidate. Selection Interview This will be strictly for eligible candidates who will have been selected from the Panel interview. (Ervin, 1999) This will be conducted by the Chief Supervisor and some of the questions that will be asked in this interview include: What makes you think you can perform this job? How will you ensure that meals are innovative and exciting? What are some of the things to look out for when doing a hazard analysis? Give an example of dishes you can prepare for a wedding ceremony. What international cuisines are you familiar with? How would you ensure that your team keeps time yet does not compromise on food quality? What did you learn from your previous job that you can apply here? What can you suggest to ensure that the Tomato Deep restaurant remains ahead of the competition in the food industry? The candidate who qualifies will be required to undergo medical checkups, drug screen and an investigation will be done on his/her background. On commencement, they will be given probation of six months. The employee must bring their driving license or passport with them. In addition to this they must be qualified to work in the country. Justification of the selection process Before the selection process was done, there was a job analysis done, the reason why this was done was to enable the recruiters to fully understand the job. It does not make any sense filling in a vacancy when the position itself is not well understood. From this evaluation, the selection methods were chosen. The job analysis involved use of the Common Metric Questionnaire. The reason why this method was selected was because it can be completed by incoming employees. It is quite easy to follow and does not require any prior knowledge. It uses absolute ratings rather than relative ratings. This means that it is quite accurate. The same view is shared by Commission on Behavioural and Social Sciences and Education. (1999). In addition to the above advantages regarding this method of using questionnaires is the fact that a variety of jobs can be compared using this method. If there was another vacancy in the organization, it could have been rated alongside the chef position. There are a variety of questionnaires or instrumental methods that could have been used. The reason why the CMQ method was singled out was because it does not have a deficiency in content coverage. It is quite exhaustive since over two hundred questions are asked. The questions asked are related to behaviour and are not abstract. This is quite important for a job that is mostly practical especially someone like a chef who will have some management responsibilities. The type of English used is quite simple i.e. eighth grade reading level; some other types of questionnaires like the PAQ require a reading level of postgraduate or college. Other methods of instrumental analysis have been limiting in terms of ability to solve problems relating to personnel. These other methods have also been problematic because they are too general and lack specifity. (Robert, 1993)Lastly, other methods of instrumental analysis require hiring job analysts and consultants, this can prove too be quite expen sive to the interviewer. Another method chosen for the job analysis was through observation. The reason this was selected was because it adds a human dimension to the process. Instrumental methods are quite good but they need to be complemented by adding a human touch to the survey. The vacancy was communicated to interested candidates to eliminate the chance of biases which arise as result of personal references. Print media is also a good method of advertisement because it attracts a large pool of applicants. This increases the chances of getting qualified persons because one will be dealing with large numbers. (Sarah, 2007) After the advertisement, application letters and resumes were sent. Those who did not posses the specified qualifications in their resumes should be eliminated while those who posses them ought to be invited for further examination. Subject matter content in the cover letter will also be analysed by an expert to further sieve candidates-applicants should portray honest information. Contact information will be obtained from these very applications. Information included in the application letter must be detailed relating directly to the position and only those who send their letters within due time will be considered hence late entrants will be automatically disqualified. The importance of such a method is that one can be able to determine who meets the minimum qualification. This eliminates a large variety of applicants who may simply be trying their luck but have no idea whatsoever how to do the job. It helps in narrowing down the numbers and giving one an idea of the kind of personality applicants have through their grammar and organization in the application letter. This was the reason why the application letters were manually written and not online. (EL, 2007) Performance exams were chosen because some candidates may be nervous in front of a panel of judges. It can eliminate suitable candidates who might be possessing real talent. This brings about a balance to the selection process by introducing a practical element. It also focuses on job specific skills as some candidates are so convincing verbally but they may not be able to met job needs. Performance processes also help in determining candidates thought process and their ability to prioritize tasks or to work well under pressure. The Panel interview and the selection interview were chosen because they enable the employer and potential employee to get to know each other. It puts a face to the names and the qualifications. Because the interview questions are sometimes tricky, they help the interviewer to choose the fastest thinkers. This aspect is quite important in this job because it requires an ability to work well under pressure. The Panel comprised of one member from the Human Resources Department because they are quite conversant with detection of talent and they have an in-depth knowledge of the environment within the organization. They are at a good position to know who suits the position. The Panel also consists of a member from outside the work unit because they bring in a foreign element to the judgement process. They may be aware of some new things in the food industry and they also have no biases. (Southern Cross University, 2007) The interview as a selection process is quite important because it focuses on core questions that entail to the job description. The questions act as a platform for sieving the candidates who give specific examples and those who do not. For example the first question listed above is a bit general but must be put in context by the interviewee through examples. Another advantage of an interview is the fact that interaction is possible between both parties. Candidates can also ask any questions which may be unclear in the job advertisement or job description. This will also be another opportunity to find out what kind of personality a potential employee has. (Southern Cross University, 2007) If the interviewer has run out of time, then he/she has a criterion which he/she can use to cut down on the candidates who qualify for the selection interview in a fair manner. This is possible because the Panel interview divides candidates into categories from the highest to the lowest potential. So not all the candidates who passed have to be interviewed a second time. Conclusion A selection process must be free of bias and should provide a suitable ground for choosing the right candidate. This is the reason why a combination of many methods was used. The disadvantages of one process were compensated by the advantages in another process. Also, a large pool of applicants was chosen to increase the chances of selecting the most suitable candidate for the job. Reference Sarah, L. (2007): Human Resource Management: Employee Attraction and Selection Guide Schuler, R. (1998): Managing Human Resources; South Western College publishing. Ervin, B. (1999): Recruiting and hiring outstanding Staff; a journal by the Ohio State University. EL (2007): Selection process; retrieved from http://www.elinfonet.com/ ; accessed on 21st November Michael, R. (2002): Personnel/ Human Resource Management; Prentice Press Jack, E. (2003): The Human Resources Program Evaluation Handbook; McMillan Publishers. Southern Cross University (2007): The selection process Robert, J. (1993): Development of the Common Metric Questionnaire (CMQ)

Rubber Egg and Chicken Bones - Mad Scientist Lab

Rubber Egg and Chicken Bones - Mad Scientist Lab A Mad Scientist can make a toy out of just about anything, including a boiled egg. Soak an egg in a common kitchen ingredient, vinegar, to dissolve its shell and make the egg rubbery enough that you can bounce it on the floor like a ball. Soaking chicken bones in vinegar will soften them so that they will become rubbery and flexible. Rubber Egg Materials hard-boiled eggglass or jar, big enough to hold the eggvinegar Turn the Egg into a Bouncy Ball Place the egg in the glass or jar.Add enough vinegar to completely cover the egg.Watch the egg. What do you see? Little bubbles may come off the egg as the acetic acid in the vinegar attacks the calcium carbonate of the eggshell. Over time the color of the eggs may change as well.After 3 days, remove the egg and gently rinse the shell off of the egg with tap water.How does the boiled egg feel? Try bouncing the egg on a hard surface. How high can you bounce your egg?You can soak raw eggs in vinegar for 3-4 days, with a slightly different result. The eggs shell will become soft and flexible. You can gently squeeze these eggs, but its not a great plan to try to bounce them on the floor. Make Rubbery Chicken Bones If you soak chicken bones in vinegar (the thinner bones work best), the vinegar will react with the calcium in the bones and weaken them so that they will become soft and rubbery, as if they had come from a rubber chicken. It is the calcium in your bones that makes them hard and strong. As you age, you may deplete the calcium faster than you replace it. If too much calcium is lost from your bones, they may become brittle and susceptible to breaking. Exercising and eating a diet that includes calcium-rich foods can help prevent this from happening.

The Descent of Hag

The Descent of Hag The Descent of Hag The Descent of Hag By Mark Nichol The headline of this post uses descent in two senses: This post discusses the etymological origin of hag, but it also points out how the connotation of the term has plummeted in status. The contemporary connotation of hag is â€Å"old woman,† with additional senses of a careless, ugly, or evil appearance; the offensive term â€Å"fag hag† refers to a straight woman who associates with gay men. In the Middle Ages, the term referred to a female demon or an evil spirit, but it was originally associated with highly respected oracles, or soothsayers. Hag is the truncated version of the Old English term hagetes (also spelled hagtesse), meaning â€Å"witch† or â€Å"sorceress.† The second syllable, later misidentified as a mere suffix, was lopped off, but that’s the essential element; it’s probably related to words in other languages referring to demons or spirits, while hag is likely cognate with hedge. The significance of that term is that hedges were considered the boundary between civilization and the wild, and witches- and reclusive women with mysterious healing abilities who were sometimes accused of being witches- straddled both worlds. A term with a loose association, hagridden, refers to sleep paralysis, because of the belief that one’s sense of being immobilized while lying in bed was caused by a spirit bearing down on the sufferer; by extension, the term also means â€Å"tormented,† and the verb hagride means â€Å"torment.† Similarly, the rare adjective hagged originally meant â€Å"bewitched† and later acquired the sense of â€Å"gaunt,† due to the belief that such an appearance was the result of bewitchment. Haggard, originally meaning â€Å"unruly† or â€Å"wild,† is not directly related- it comes from the Old French phrase faulcon hagard (â€Å"wild falcon†)- but it’s a distant relation that acquired the sense of â€Å"worn† by association with hag. Other related words include the archaic noun haw, meaning â€Å"enclosure† (the first syllable of hawthorn), and hex, which originally referred to a witch but later came to apply to a witch’s spell. (Haggle has a separate derivation; it’s related to hack.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withWriting the Century25 Idioms with Clean

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paraphrase - Essay Example Determining whether this was an appropriate sample or whether the study was conducted in accordance with experimental testing standards is not possible given the provided information, which detracts somewhat from the study’s reliability. Open kinetic chain and active knee positioning was selected as the means of testing knee position sense because JPS, or the ability to reproduce joint angles, is considered an important component of joint perception and JPS is commonly measured through active ipsilateral matching. It has been suggested that JPS is more sensitive to fatigue than kinesthesia (Skinner et al, 1986) while studies such as Paillard and Brouchon (1974) have suggested that active use of the joint contributes to a clear sense of knee positioning. Because of this more precise conception of the knee’s position, it was hypothesized that this method would provide a more accurate measurement of muscle receptors in the extensor and flexor structures. As part of the published study, the researcher did provide a brief explanation of the data collection method, but further analysis proves the study’s method is insufficient for accurate results. In addition to the problem already mentioned regarding the selection of the study sample, the participants engaged in the data collection process during a single morning session, providing little comparison data and no control group. According to Ribeiro et al (2007), measurements were taken once before applying fatigue protocol and once afterwards. This fatigue protocol is described as 30 repetitions at maximum range of motion on an isokinetic dynamometer, essentially a computerized leg lift machine with additional gauges used to measure various muscle groups within the leg. The rate of activity was set at an angular velocity of 120 s (Ribeiro et al, 2007). To ensure the relevant muscles were properly warmed up before this activity, participants were asked to participate in five minu tes of

Enron Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Enron - Essay Example Within about 5 years of the emergence of the Internet and the Web, electricity consumption linked to this new phenomenon had surged to 8 percent of total consumption. Naturally enough, this caught the eye of the prosperous energy trader down in Houston. How could Enron play in this exciting new game (Jorion 2003, p. 6) In order for a firm to have a reasonable chance of success in the realm of the Internet, it needed to be able to control its risks. Well, this was something that Enron was in a very good position to do. In fact, very few companies in the 1990s were as well positioned as Enron to play in this game (or so it seemed). "What Enron has been about for a long time," said Jeff Skilling, then Enron's chief operating officer, "has been making and restructuring markets. If you look at the present phenomenon, the Internet, it also comes into existing markets and dramatically overhauls them. That's something we started doing in the mid-1980s. The Internet just gives us the juice to extend more products across more markets more quickly (Jorion 2003, p. 6)." In particular, Enron got interested in the exotic-sounding world of broadband, which is a catch-all term for high-speed access to the Internet through the use of fiber-optic cable. Broadband is little more than a data pipeline of great bandwidth, or carrying capacity. (Or more precisely, bandwidth "determines the speed at which data can flow through computer and communications systems without interference (Jorion 2003, p. 6)." Even at the time-even amid all the Internet hype and hoopla-people knew that the nascent broadband/ bandwidth industry was a dicey proposition. "The market will not be for the faint of heart or the ill-prepared," one observer commented. "Success will require careful consideration of the appropriate market entry strategy. Organizations must ask the tough questions, such as 'what's my appetite for risk' (Jorion 2003, p. 6)" Well, in Enron's case, the answer was "big appetite." In the spring of 1999, Enron created a company called Enron Communications, Inc., that soon changed its name to Enron Broadband Services (EBS). It began selling a standardized bandwidth product, effectively turning the elusive concept of bandwidth into a commodity (Jorion 2003, p. 6). WHAT WENT WRONG For a while, and especially from a particular perspective, it worked. That perspective, of course, was the price of a share of Enron stock. People loved the idea of Enron and the Internet converging. Within 9 months-that is, the period between year-end 1999 and September 2000- Enron's stock price soared. In fact, it more than doubled-from $44 to $90 (Jorion 2003, p. 6-7). For a group of ambitious and self-impressed executives-especially those with heavy stock options-stock-price fever is something like heroin addiction. It goes from being a nice-to-have to the be-all and end-all. And over time, you need more and more of the stuff to get those good feelings. (In fact, when you do not get the stuff, you start feeling bad.) Management got accustomed to a high and rising stock price-and so, by the way, did Wall Street (Jorion 2003, p. 7). When stock-price fever sets in, lots of other temptations begin

ESP Methodology And Syllabus

ESP Methodology And Syllabus It is debatable whether ESP has a distinctive methodology and syllabus. This paper argues that methodology and syllabus design in English Language Teaching (ELT) andESP differ little and that it is not possible to say whether general ELT has borrowed ideas for methodology from ESP or whether ESP has borrowed ideas from general ELT. two characteristic features of ESP methodology are identified: ESP can base activities on students specialism, and ESP activities can have a truly authentic purpose derived from students target needs. Dudley-Evans and St. John(1998) maintain that what characterizes ESP methodology is the use of tasks and activities reflecting the students specialist area Introduction In the 1970s, EFL teachers first ventured out of the Arts Faculty and the gentle landscape of language and literature into the land beyond the mountains inhabited by illiterate and savage tribes called scientists, businessmen and engineers, wrote Ramsden (2002). In the light of this quotation, Ramsden pours his scorn over the turning point in the history of language teaching from art to science; and from English for general purposes(EGP) to English for specific purposes(ESP) . Though ESP emanates from EGP, it has established itself as a distinct trend. The distinctions between ESP and EGP are quite fuzzy. To clarify the issue, Hutchinson and Waters (1987) pointed out that there is no difference in theory, but in practice, there is a great deal. This paper delves deeply into the literature of ESP and EGP to uncover their points of similarities and differences, chiefly at the level of syllabus design , methodology and instructional materials. For the sake of clarification, theoretical preliminaries will be provided from the outset. As expected, the current paper is comparative in nature and selective in illustration. Theoretical Preliminaries: Definitions of: EGP: According to Blackwell, EGP is polarized with ESP ( English for specific purposes) to refer to contexts such as the school where needs cannot readily be specified. This view is misleading, since purpose is always inherent. EGP is more usefully considered as providing a broad foundation rather than a detailed and selective specification of goals. EGP, then, refers to that basic linguistic code that could be used in larger context and in everyday conversation. It does not take into account neither the requirements of a workplace nor needs of learners. Being general in its nature, EGP holds a sway at the core level of language instruction. ESP According to Longman dictionary of applied linguistics, ESP refers to the role of English in a language course or program of instruction in which the content and aims of the course are fixed by the specific needs of a particular group of learners. For example courses in English for academic purposes, English for science and technology, and English for Nursing. In this regards, ESP is chiefly associated with special language or register. However, Hutchinson and Waters )1987, p.19) claimed that ESP is not a particular kind of language or methodology, nor does it consist of a particular type of teaching material. Understood properly, it is an approach to language teaching. From the above definitions, one can notice that there is no absolute clear cut between ESP and EGP. To ask which one embraces the other is likely to generate divergent views. In an attempt to answer this question, Hutchinson and waters ) 1987.p.18) have drawn a tree of ELT where the ESP is just one branch of EFL/ESL, which are themselves the main branches of English Language teaching in general.. However, A closer gaze at the tree and to the ramifications of ESP and EGP uncovers the distinctive features of each. These features will be tackled in subsequent section. Distinctive features of ESP and EGP: Despite the overlapping connections between EGP and ESP, there are several differences at the level of their concerns and practices. First, the focus in ESP is on training students to conform well to the requirements of the workplace; whereas, in EGP, the main focus is on education. Widdowson( 1983) sees the difference between Education and Training as that of creativity versus conformity (in White, 1988: p.18). Second, Designing a course content in EGP is much more difficult than in ESP for the difficulty of predicting the future needs of EGP students. Knowing about only learners survival needs is quite unbeneficial because it may lead to an oversimplified language, unauthentic communicative structure and unrealistic situational content. Third, ESP learners are usually adults with an average mastery of English language. Their main purpose is to communicate and learn a set of professional skills. In EGP, the age of learners , however, varies from childhood to adulthood. Their chief purpose behind learning English is to achieve communication in the basic everyday communication. At the level of macro-skills, the four language skills are integrated and reinforced in EGP instruction, while in ESP the selection of language skills is based on needs analysis. For instance, in studying English for science and technology, the emphasis is on context and subject of the course. At the level of micro skills, EGP has shed too much attention to teaching of grammar and language structure; yet the focus in ESP is on the context and subject of the course. Finally, a distinctive feature of ESP classroom is team- teaching, where the teacher of language collaborates with subject teacher in the delivery of the lesson. This feature is , however, absent in EGP classroom where the language teacher seems sufficient to instruct broad themes. To sum up, though ESP stems from EGP, it has preserved for itself distinctive characteristics as outlined before. To sum up, Stevens states that ESP has four absolute characteristics: 1. Is designed to meet specific needs. 2. Is related to themes and topics particular to occupation. 3. Is centered on language appropriate to those activities, in terms of lexis, syntax, discourse pragmatics, semantics and so on. 4. The above is in contrast to General English (Stevens 1988 in Dudley-Evans St. John 1998: p.4). In the subsequent section, the paper will take both EGP and ESP a stage further to list the similarities and differences at the level of syllabus design. To facilitate the process of comparing and contrasting, an example of each course content will be highlighted. Syllabus design in EGP A syllabus refers to a particular plan of a course. It is a document that details the structure and operation of ones class. It can also be called the basic reference document that guides students and the instructor through a course (Breen 1984). In the current section, this section aims to uncover the salient types of syllabus adopted in EGP and ESP based on contents of two textbooks: Natural English( EGP textbook) and English for Careers: Tourism, (ESP textbook) Based on their observations of general English language courses, Brown (1995) and Richards (1990) list the following types of syllabuses. They also point out that courses are often based on a combination of: Structural (organized primarily around grammar and sentence patterns). Functional (organized around communicative functions, such as identifying, reporting, correcting, describing). Notional (organized around conceptual categories, such as duration, quantity, location). Topical (organized around themes or topics, such as health, food, clothing). Situational (organized around speech settings and the transactions associated with them, such as shopping, at the bank, at the supermarket). Skills (organized around microskills, such as listening for gist, listening for specifi c information, listening for inferences). Task- or activity-based (organized around activities, such as drawing maps, following directions, following instructions). Extract.1: Contents of Natural English , As can be observed in the content of Natural English, one of the main aims of the textbook is to enable General English learners to improve the four language skills, especially speaking and listening to everyday English. Yet, the integration of the four language skills is not the sole distinctive feature of the textbook. The contents of course book also seem to respond to the general wants of GE learners in that it all covers functions, notions, vocabulary and grammar. Each unit introduces GE learners to notions, functions and grammatical structures in an equal weight of emphasis. Thus, a point that one can infer is that EGP syllabus is integrative. Language skills as well as functions, notions, forms and semantic entries are all fused together. For example, in unit 2, the book introduces notions such as shopping and work. Concerning functions, expressing request and responding with sympathy are the main functions found in unite 1. The grammatical forms are so varied from using the present continuous to passive voice. What is so remarkable is that the communication of a notion entails the use of adequate target functions. From the design of Natural English, it is evident that the units are organized on topics. Unit one is on Cartoon Mobile Invasion, unit two on Joke lost in desert, and three on Cartoon Perfect Day. However, a striking existence of situations looms chiefly in extended speaking. Students are in front several situations, such as on train , on holiday, and are encouraged to interact , following the necessities of imagined communicative setting. To conclude, the pertinent remark we can deduce from the course content of EGP is that its syllabus is integrative and synthetic in nature. Functions, notions , forms, situations and skills gain enough space in the EGP syllabus. Nevertheless, these elements are tackled more broadly. For instance, It seems that the subjects are too general, the functions and notions are recurrent in daily life issues, and language skills are not relevant to any professional field. Now , ESP makes extensive use of content-based approaches. According to Master and Brinton (1998), CBI has the following features. The syllabus is organized around subject content; for example, in English for Careers: Tourism, an ESP textbook, the subject matter is on a number of topics from tourism, such Registration Client perceptions and supply and demand. Teaching activities are specific to the subject matter being taught and are geared to stimulate students to think and learn through the use of the target language. Language is viewed holistically, and learners learn from working with whole chunks of language and multiple skills. Content-based approaches reject synthetic approaches to course design-the idea that language or skills can be atomized into discrete items to be presented and practiced by learners one at a time. The approach makes use of authentic texts to which learners are expected primarily to respond in relation to the content. It has been argued (Hutchinson Waters, 1987) that once we remove the text from its original context, it loses some of its authenticity. For example, the intended audience is changed once the authentic text is imported into the classroom. Authenticity also relates also to the readers purpose in reading the text. For example, recommendation reports for the purchase of technical equipment are, in their original context of use, devised for the purpose of helping the reader decide which of two or more items of equipment to buy. If, however, a recommendation report is transported into a language teaching classroom and students are given an activity whose purpose is to answer c omprehension questions on it, the match between text and task is artificial. Content-based instruction tries to avoid some of these potential problems by using content (authentic texts) in ways that were similar to those in real life. Content-based approaches involve also the integration of skills. Writing often follows on from listening and reading, and students are often required to synthesize facts and ideas from multiple sources as preparation for writing (Brinton et al., 1989). In fact, ESP syllabi (in this case an English Vocational Purposes syllabus) differ from English General Purposes (EGP) syllabi, both in goals and content. Below is an outline of some major differences adapted from Widdowson (1983 in White 1988: pp.18 26), Hutchinson Waters (1987) and Stevens (1988) (both in Dudley-Evans St. John 1998: pp. 2-4). The ESP syllabus must be based on a previous analysis of the students needs, which includes not only an analysis of the situations in which the language will be used and of the language appropriate in these situations, but also an analysis of the students wants and subjective needs. The whole business of the management of language learning is far too complex to be satisfactorily catered for by a pre-packaged set of decisions embodied in teaching materials. Quite simply, even with the best intentions no single textbook can possibly work in all situations.(Sheldon, 1987: 1)If we are to prescribe content, we need to ask, whose content? Methodology Having uncovered the nuances existing between ESP and EGP syllabi, This current chapter will move a stage further to draw a comparison and contrast at level of methodology, chiefly at the types of techniques employed by each and the roles they played in serving the students needs. As defined by Robinson (1991), methodology refers to what goes on in the classroom and to what students have to do. Using technical terms, it refers to classroom activities and techniques. There are too many techniques which largely emerged in EGP classroom such as tasks, role play, simulations, and so on and so forth. These techniques soon adopted by ESP practitioners . Concerning tasks, Little John and Hicks ( ) noticed that valuable tasks in EGP have certain characteristics: they should be motivating and absorbing; and exploit learners prior knowledge. In ESP, the above criteria are also predominant, but what is specific here is that ESP tasks comprise linguistic and professional skills. For instance, medical students studying English may be assigned to carry out a series of operations as outlined below: Moreover, the role play and simulations are used differently in ESP and EGP. While dealing with simulatons in ESP, Strutridge() noticed that they were originally used in business and military training with focus on outcome rather than the means -language- of training. In EGP, the outcome was ,however, less important than the means used to achieve fluency. One should not perceive hastily that means in esp have no disregarded. Stutridge concludes that in ESP end is as important as the means. Taking case studies into account, Nunan in an outsanding research tested the validity of the technique to ESP course. He found out that it helps ESP students to draw upon their professional skills, utilizing the cognitive and behavioral styles of their work rather than of traditional language classroom. Case studies may prove difficult to be conducted by EGP learners if we take into consideration their younger age and Worse of al their professional immaturity. For ESP students who are not fully qualified in their profession, the use of case studies help to induct them into some aspects of professional culture ( Charles 337,pp.28-31) Project work is out-of-class activity used in both ESP and EGP classroom. However, Fried() observed the more advanced examples of project work would be appropriate for ESP. A final technique which is common in ESP and EGP as well is the oral presentations. Usually, they are the culmination of project or case studies conducted outside the threshold of classroom. The utility of such activity is that it trains students to develop their self autonomy and master the four skills of the target language. Word processor and PowerPoint become familiar means for presentations, Succinctly, the methodology endorsed by ESP is quite similar to that of EGP chiefly if we consider the types of techniques and activities .Yet, the ways in which techniques are employed in ESP differ a lot from that in EGP. the next chapter will attempt to decipher how material design becomes a site of innovation after the emergence of ESP. Being in its heyday, ESP materials assume a divergent way from EGP. ESP designers come up with in-house materials quite plausible to the students needs more than the General ready-made textbooks which hold their strength in EGP classrooms. Materials Design One of the common characteristics of of material design in ESP is the existence of an established tradition of ESP teachers producing in-house materials. These materials are the outcome of needs analysis. the tailor made material accounts to the learners needs more than a general textbook can do., However, several questions may emerge to the surface: What are the major factors behind the over-existence of in-house materials in ESP in contrast to its acute shortage in EGP? -what are the key features that distinguish ESP materials from EGP? One of the key factors behind the profusion of in-house materials in ESP is because of its reliance on needs analysis. Need analysis is rarely carried out in GL classroom. This is partly because of the difficulty of specifying GL learners and partly because of a lack of literature on the particularities of analyzing needs data. Needs analysis tends to be associated with ESP and is neglected in GE classroom. Hutchinson and Waters(1987,p.53-54) say that what distinguishes ESP from GE is not the existence of a need as such but rather an awareness of the needà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for the time being, the tradition persists in GE that learners needs cannot be specified and as a result no attempt is usually made to discover learners true needs. Secondly, The fact that ESP materials are tailored to the needs of specific group of learners makes its absolute adoption by other ESP teachers futile. Even when suitable materials are available, it may not be possible to buy them because of import restric tions pointed out Hutchinson and Waters (1987,p.). If textbooks are more available in EGP than in ESP,ESP textbooks have not been immune from criticism. Ever and Boys(p.57) mount a strong a attack on the EST textbooks suggesting that most of them are designed for, or are the outcome of, remedial or supplementary courses and assume that students already possess a knowledge of Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.unhappily, this is not at all understood by potential users, especially in developing countries abroad where the greatest demand for EST exists. Another strongly worded attack was that the heavy concern of ESP practitioners with methodology and approach leads them to ignore issues such the accuracy of explanations ,validity of examples and suitability of linguistic content. Because ESP materials are relevanct to target needs, This may increase the motivation of ESP students, but there are other aspects which are also highly important, such as Waters (1987: 48) put it, ESP, as much as any good teaching, needs to be intrinsically motivating. () Students should get satisfaction from the actual experience of learning, not just from the prospect of eventually using what they have learnt. The following task, for instance, could be interesting for Engineering students:. Another characteristic of ESP materials is that it is more authentic than EGP materials. The latter might be produced for the purpose of teaching language, while in ESP authenticity refers to the materials used in the students specialist workplace or study institution. Additionally, for ESP authentic text selection usually follow the needs analysis. To conclude, the whole business of language learning management is far too complex to be satisfactorily catered for by a pre-packaged set of decisions embodied in teaching materials. Quite simply, even with the best intentions no single textbook can possibly work in all situations.(Sheldon, 1987: 1). However, designing tailor made materials would in principle be motivating, authentic and innovative. Conclusion This paper has highlighted some of the issues involved in ESP curriculum development. It can be argued that language varieties are based in and extend from a common core of language. Or it can be argued that language varieties are self-contained entities. Needs analysis can be seen as an entirely pragmatic and objective endeavour to help course developers identify course content that is truly relevant to the learners, or it can be argued to have a bias in favour of the institutions and may overemphasize objective needs at the cost of subjective needs. It can be argued that syllabuses should specify content (what is to be taught). Or it can be argued that they should specify method (how language is to be taught). Some argue that the ESP courses should be as narrow-angled as possible. Others argue that this is not practica EST is in a parlous state and is being abandoned by many tertiary institutions who, like Sultan Qaboos University, found that the English teachers seemed to learn a lot of science, but the students didnt seem to learn much English

Reflection on Japanese Earthquake

After watching the news about the catastrophic earthquake in Japan these days, I was overwhelmed with a range of emotions: anxiety, depression, grief, confusion and shock. Like a lot of people, I was stunned by percussive images of the ruins of buildings and the bodies of casualties. I felt sorry for the dead. Meanwhile, I was deeply touched by those survived. Instead of being thrown into panic, the Japanese faced up to the catastrophe with dispassion and composure. Although their homes were destroyed and their relatives were violently torn away, they still evacuated orderly and stood calmly in a queue to get reliefs. However, the case in china is just the other way around. Some Chinese people seem to be keyed up. Many articles concerning this earthquake can be found on the internet, a majority of which are radical. These people said: It serves Japan right. If only the island country sunk and disappeared forever. Admittedly, as Chinese, I felt repugnance for Japan. However, as descendents of the country with a history of thousands of years, we should reach out our friendly hand and let the world know that we Chinese are a civilized and well educated nation. If we merely stand by or even loot a burning house, we are no better than those Japanese invaders. From my point of view, we are all world citizens living in this global village and international community. In the face of natural disaster, we human beings are vulnerable. No one is powerful enough to escape. We can do nothing but pull together to go through. Therefore, we should relate to those wretches with sympathy and love instead of being narrow-minded and ultranationalistic. Japanese people are innocent. Let’s care for them with tolerant and generous hearts and help them out of the difficulty.

Chinese Revolution Of 1911 Essay - 1743 Words

Introduction The early 20th century was a dense time for China. Before 1950, it had already experienced two revolutions (one in 1911 and one in 1949) and a civil war. From these events, a new China rose; governed not by its traditional Imperial system, but under the iron grip of communism. While the Chinese Communist Revolution is the most well known, in order to more clearly understand the series of events that took place and their causes, one must go deeper. The conditions that made the communist revolution possible were set up in the in the prior revolution and beyond. Leading to Revolution The Chinese Revolution of 1911 is arguably more important than the Communist Revolution because it did more to change the structure of China. This†¦show more content†¦The landlords served also as officials and ruled over peasants. These decrepit systems, along with their aging technologies and military, was enough for many to call for reform. While the Qing made a few desperate attempts at constitutional reform, including modernizing the military and the decentralization of power, it could not quell the fires of revolution that had already been burning in everyone’s minds. The Chinese Revolution of 1911 From the outcry of revolt arose a number of men ready to lead. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao came out representing those in favor of putting a constitutional monarchy in place. Perhaps the notable of these leaders, however, is Sun Yat-sen. Born in 1866, Sun was raised in Hawaii and later graduated with a medical degree. In time, his political ambitions got the best of him however; he became a strong proponent of the creation of a â€Å"strong, unified, modern, Chinese republic.† With his drive, Sun lead a conglomerate of revolutionary groups called the Revolutionary Alliance or Tongmenghui. The Alliance proved popular, so much so that even Chinese businessmen living outside of the country funded it. Between the years of its founding in 1905 and the big revolution in 1911, around seven revolts were attempted against the Qing. In the fall of 1911, the conditions of the country proved ripe to turn an uprising in the city of Wuchang into a full scale nationalist revolt. The Qing conceded to demandsShow MoreRelatedThe 1911 Chinese Revolution Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1911 Revolution kicked out the Qing Dynasty and broke the barriers to different developments in China. However, the 1911 Revolution has only provided a framework of a republic and made changes in some particular aspects related to immediate problems and difficulties in society. Hence, the relationship between the revolution and the subsequent development of China was very weak. On one hand, I do not agree with the latter part of the statement that the 1911 Revolution brought new problems to ChinaRead MoreSun Yat-Sen1450 Words   |  6 PagesYat-sen’s) role in bringing about the 1911 Revolution in China. 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