The Malaysian Issues of Teens and Sexuality

The Malaysian issues of teens and sexuality. Teen pregnancies have been a virus that recently sprung out in Malaysia; it is only more recently that we have seen the growth and its severity affecting the youth. Are Malaysian teen not receiving enough sex education causing the statistic to rise even further? This question how teen pregnancy has evolved and how times have changed bringing upon a serious social issue. To begin, the statistic provided by Ministry of Health (MOH) published by The STAR newspaper (22th September 2012), there are 18,532 pregnant teens age ranged from 10-19 years old in the year 2011.There are 4222 that were unmarried. It is more than 30 % pregnant teens that were unmarried. The statistics also show a drastic rise between the number of pregnancies and unwed teenagers. As teenager become more sexually active, doctors and the MOH are sounding over the increase in the rate; we often ask is having â€Å"it† worth it? Most sexual activity that happens to tee nagers below 20 years old, leads not only to unwanted pregnancies but also cases like baby dumping and also illegal abortion. Getting pregnant is only the beginning; there would be more decision to make and choices to choose from further down the road.Pregnancies among teenager mostly begin with the talk of sexual activity. According to the article â€Å"Porn story service a teen bestseller† complied by Winnie Yeoh of The Star Online, the Malaysian teenager get erotic contents on their phones. as the world moves to a modern era, the youngsters were subscribing to an Indonesian pornographic story on their smart phones for RM 17 a week. They would gather and talk about it while feasting on the dirty pictures. This is one of the reason why more and more of them would fall into the teenage pregnancy trap.When interviewed, Rosli (not his real name) states that they were unaware of the consequences of free sex and not using contraception. The social change that leads to this is mos t of the time related to a change in the nature of adolescence. At the age of 10-19, most of the teenager reaches the level of puberty and curiosity to try out sex rages. Some violated the use of the internet to search and research on the term â€Å"sex†. Others may find alternative to satisfy their need thru pirated cd and magazines. Many problems arise from the curiosity of teenager towards the topic of sex. They

Should welfare recipients receive drug testing?

Since welfare programs started in the 60s, a reoccurring pattern has been seen in more cases than one. Fraudulent activity and taking advantage of the system has been happening for way too long in our society. A simple drug test should be administered to welfare recipients if they expect to receive the benefits that are offered to them. If other citizens such as the ones in the working class are held accountable to be administered a drug screening, those who would like to receive government assistance should be held to the same standard.The abolition of the entitlement culture found in American society will ultimately benefit the Countries economy and character. While the concept of this practice is not to stereotype against the lower class, it should be seen as a mandatory evaluation to those who would like to continue benefitting from the government’s aid. The goal of drug testing welfare recipients is not to revoke their privileges, it is simply to reform the system of welf are and make sure that those who truly need assistance are having their needs met.I.) The controversy of how many welfare recipients tested for substance abuse has been proven to be skewed.A.) The American Civil Liberties Union (ALCU) finds that only 2.6 percent of welfare recipients in Florida study tested negative for substance abuse. The state of Florida drug tested 4,086 applicants. Only 108 individuals tested positive, however, it is obvious that many recipients delay application due to the fact that they know they will have their benefits stripped because of the positive results. (Bragdon) 1.) As a result of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) act, recipients would be required to pay out of pocket to be administered a urinalysis, and would be reimbursed if passed, further backing up the idea of skewed evidence as recipients would be much more likely to not spend their own money on a test that they would be sure to fail.With almost $58,000 spent reimbursing drug test fees and total savings from drug-related denials at $1.8 million, the drug test requirement is saving Florida taxpayers $30.64 for every $1 spent. 2.) The U.S  Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services appointed a national survey in 2009, concluding that 8.7 percent of the population over the age of 12 proves to use illicit drugs. With such a prominent amount of the population being related to the abuse of various substances, it can be very well concluded that the reason for such a miniscule amount of recipients failing the administered tests is due to the fact that many of the users did not in fact, take the test at all.3.) The results of the ACLU study fail to investigate how many of the tested welfare recipients that passed the drug testing would have tested positive on other controlled substances such as prescription pills that many defend to be a â€Å"false positive†. According to a study conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 48.5% of Ameri cans take at least one form of prescription drug, and a similar study, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health concluded that at least an estimated 2.4 million Americans abuse prescription pills daily. Also, of public assistance recipients treated for substance abuse in 2008, the most common primary substance of abuse was alcohol (37 percent of those treated). (Bragdon) II.) Drug testing welfare recipients is classified as â€Å"Unconstitutional†A.) The Supreme Court’s â€Å"Special Needs Doctrine† can be used to classify the act of requiring welfare recipients to pass a scheduled or random drug testing as constitutional (NCSL) 1.) The doctrine of unconstitutional conditions requires a different analysis under which conditioning welfare on consent to testing may very well be a constitutional condition, the eleventh circuit panel has done much research to prove this theory. (Wurman) 2.) The â€Å"Germaneness† of a bill of legislature is simply the perti nence of the issue. This can be directly correlated to the issue of whether or not a recipient is compliant when asked to be administered a drug test.(NCSL)3.) In 1981, Lyng v. International Union, took place in court due to the Food Stamp Act that stated, â€Å"No household shall become eligible to participate in the food stamp program during the time that any member of the household is on strike or shall increase the allotment of food stamps that it was receiving already because the income of the striking member has decreased.† Despite the going on strike being a right in the first amendment, the Court  held that the law did not have a â€Å"substantial impact on any fundamental interest† and that citizens participating in striking were directly affecting their ability to make an income, much like drug abuse does.Therefore, leaving loop holes in the defense that drug testing welfare recipients would be infringing upon their fourth amendment. 4.) When this issue was appointed to a panel of judges, they summarized a quote from case of Dolan v. City of Tigard, basically stating that when the benefit does have a relationship to the right, the government may, perhaps, withhold the benefit. Meaning that assistance is not a humane right, rather a benefit that is offered by the government, allowing them to deny access to the benefit, if need be. If recipients cannot pass the administered drug test, their rights are not being infringed upon, due to the fact that welfare benefits are not a constitutional right themselves. B.) Most positions in the working class require a drug test to be administered.1.) Both working class jobs, private sector jobs and welfare recipients are receiving money from the government, the only difference is that two are working for that money, while the other is getting assistance provided to them from the tax payers. The most recognizable claim against requiring welfare recipients to pass a drug test is discrimination against the poor. However, in many (not all) jobs, in order to apply for certain positions, a drug test is administered, although that is hardly ever looked at as unconstitutional when corporate leaders are held accountable for their actions when accepting public funds. It is only fair that citizens relying on assistance from the government and society should be held to the same standard of others when receiving help that they couldn’t acquire on their own. (Wurman)C.) War on Drugs1.) While the war on drugs is to be seen as constitutional by many uneducated people, despite millions of tax payer dollars going to waste to fund wars, a simple drug test to prevent the never ending circle of taking advantage of tax paying citizens is seen as unconstitutional due to the fact that the profit of the war on drugs is much greater than the monitoring of welfare spending.2.) In 1980 50,000 people were in custody for drug related offences, many of them minor charges. While arresting masses of pe ople, at  the expense of yet again, tax payers, is constitutional, the monitoring of welfare is such a minor issue in comparison, when these citizens are being assisted, with only the request to comply to a simple test to prove that government money isn’t funding a drug addiction. (cdc gov)3.) While for obvious reasons, recreational drug use is illegal, and remains to be one of the biggest, money and time consuming issues in our society. It is an extreme contradiction to agree that drugs should be illegal, but to think that welfare recipients should not have to be tested to receive government benefits. This issue directly relates to the issue of Germaneness stated earlier. There is obviously a prominent reason to administer recipient’s drug tests when they are receiving aid from society, correlating drug users productivity toIII.) Tax payer money saved due to the abolition of improper use of government fundsA.) Welfare should be seen as a temporary aid used to help u sers get back on their feet in times of struggle, not a life style choice.1.) It is undoubtedly certain that not only with this issue, but anything, corruption and abuse occur. Often times welfare is looked at as more of a tool to purchase unnecessary items such as cigarettes, and recreational drugs. While that is not the case with all recipients, it is often abused. Compared to the benefits welfare provides, a simple drug test seems detrimental to make into a burden, especially when many states supply reimbursement to recipients who pass the drug test. It is often questioned why someone who is getting assistance would be so concerned with taking a drug test, if they weren’t in fact doing drugs.2.) In 35 states welfare recipients receive more than minimum wage, in 13 states recipients receive more than $15 an hour. Annually there is around 1.3 trillion federal tax dollars invested into welfare. In Mississippi a non-working recipient can receive as much as $16,984 in benefits, even more shockingly, in the District of Columbia one can receive as much as $43,099. One would be naà ¯ve to say that when faced with the choice of working hard for that kind of money, or receiving a handout, that the average citizen would choose to work. The only way to decrease the level of dependence often found in the welfare system is to  make work requirements stricter and to require random drug screenings to monitor fraudulent activity within the industry.3.) To prevent receiving benefits from becoming not only a mindset, but a lifestyle, welfare recipients should be required to do a number of community service hours if they are not currently working while being assisted. The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families is a very self-explanatory foundation, they offer grants to families that need temporary help and advocate employment while receiving benefits. The Government must do all that they can to prevent welfare from becoming a mindset, but more of what its intention was to be, a tool used for citizens to get back on their feet when they have failed to reach their potential.B.) Money from denied drug tests will be reimbursed back into the state1.) Around 1.8 million dollars will be saved from unlawful uses of welfare benefits. This not only forces failed recipients to provide and work for themselves, which will eventually lead them to stop relying on welfare until they truly need it, but it allows truthful recipients to be granted all the benefits that welfare has to offer them, without the criticism from tax payers due to the reputation that welfare has received due to the fraudulent behavior that has been failed to be recognized by necessary drug screenings. (Bragdon)2.) On average, a welfare recipient costs the state $134 in monthly benefits, which the rejected applicants won't get, saving the state around $2,680-$3,350 per month, which will in turn be put into important factors in the economic cycle. (Bragdon) C.) Drug tests as an incentive to end drug abuse1.) Having to pass a random drug test could prove to be served as an incentive to welfare recipients to terminate masses of drug abuse issues.2.) Government assistance is something that should only be used when needed, if a recipient truly needs the benefits of welfare, they will recognize that a drug test should be administered in order for them to acquire the help that is being offered. Many may look at this prospect as being a guideline to keep them away from drugs, and use the money they are being given for necessities until they no longer need it, and become successful members of the working class, which will give new applicants the chance to receive benefits that they truly deserve.3.) Recipients who fail drug tests and have their benefits suspended for a certain amount of time will be more than  likely to endure and learn from their struggle, making them much more likely to stay away from drug abuse.4.) With the saved money from denied welfare benefits, tax payer’s earnings can be used to uphold much better state run rehabilitation facilities, which in turn can aid the relation between drug abuse and welfare benefits.IV.) The war on poverty and its effect on AmericaA.) The war on poverty was a legislature enacted by President Lyndon B. Johnson, in response to the poverty rate being around 19 percent. Johnson voiced the war on poverty in his first State of the Union Address. 1.) The goal of the war on poverty was to completely abolish poverty by funding programs that aided the poor during the 60s. This eventually created Medicaid and Medicare. What this program did was create the roots of today’s welfare system, and realistically stagger the work ethic of America.The reason that the War on Poverty faces such criticisms is because it was enacted during a time period when the poverty line had just risen, rather than fallen, leading critics to believe that it was only delivered to pass welfare programs. The start of these pr ograms triggered the growth of our government and the people’s dependency on it, allowing the government to be even more controlling. B.) What the war on poverty ultimately did1.) Due to the surplus of attention paid to black Americans during this time, it is said to have been the cause of the popular idea of the white Americans footing the bill for African Americans. Whites during this time thought of the Great society programs as handouts for minorities that didn’t deserve their hard earned money. This attitude is reflected into today’s society as well.2.) Since the war on poverty, welfare has grown a whopping 19% in the past decade which is more than it has in history. Since the start of the War on Poverty, the government has spent around $19.8 trillion dollars in welfare programs, which is more than all three wars combined. Since 1969 around 2 million people collected food stamps, whereas around 47 million people do today. Since the start of welfare programs , fraudulent activity has played a large role in the system.There always has been welfare recipients that take advantage of the benefits given to them, however, if  they were drug tested and what they were spending tax payers money on was monitored, the effects of the War on Poverty could eventually be reversed and the spirit and worth ethic that was established in America will be in place again one day. A simple drug test is a small request in turn for the generous benefits that are received by millions of recipients daily. In order for our economy to thrive like it once did, there needs to be a strict monitoring on welfare program spending to not only better our economy, but the citizens in it. With less people taking advantage of the welfare system due to positive drug tests, the only people that would be benefiting from the system are the ones that truly need it.V.) The Entitlement culture in America A.) Entitlement vs. Entrepreneurship1.) The most notable quality in the chara cter of America is the Countries ability to breed innovative minds that benefit the economy. For as long as America has been around, the core of society has been centered around entrepreneurship. With all of the advancements made from entrepreneurs, the misspending of government funds is only taking back a step in society that entrepreneurship took. There are many factors that could effect this, but the main component that strips America of its sense of work ethic is the welfare system. By saying this, it does not mean that there aren’t thousands of families truly in need of government assistance, it is stating that the society of many welfare recipients have made themselves comfortable with not trying to better their economic well being.

Barriers to Communication Essay Example for Free (#2)

Barriers to Communication Essay The communication topic that I have chosen to write about is The Barriers to Communication in the in the workplace. My focus will be on the Apple Organization as well as other organizations that have had communications issues. My interest in this topic stems from the fact that I’ve encountered many barriers to effective communication while in the work place. I understand personally how ineffective communication by all levels of an organization can lead to the decrease work morals, productivity etc. I am also interested in this topic in that as a Business Management major I would like to be as affective in my communication with the organization I will join as well as with the individuals that will comprise the company. Based on a research done In July 2011, a Maritz Poll, an annual employee attitude survey conducted by Maritz Research, reported that 25 percent of employees indicated having less trust in their management than they did the previous year. Bad communication breaks down trust. Barriers to communication in the work place can be very detrimental to the sustainability, longevity and success to the organization. There are numerous barriers that effect communication in the work place. According to skillsyouneed.com, these barriers range from nonverbal communication, lack of feedback and cultural differences. These barriers to communication may and can occur at any stage in the communication process. Barriers may lead to your message becoming distorted and you therefore risk wasting both time and/or money by causing confusion and misunderstanding. Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers and conveying a clear and concise message. References Barriers to effective communication. (n.d.). need.com/ips/barriers-communication.html Duggan, T. (n.d.). Communication problems in a business.

Mental health problems across the life span Essay

Mental health problems across the life span - Essay Example Auditory hallucinations had been another symptom. The voices of her classmates and acquaintances at school kept repeatedly coming back to her. She remembered the incident where she indulged in a ‘buying spree’ for clothes which did not suit her, after thumbing through fashion catalogues. The clothes had been a size larger. That incident could have been due to the feeling of inflated self esteem which characterizes the depression in bipolar disorder. Developing therapeutic skills through the tools of psychiatric nursing, which are ‘listening, watching and being present is the essence of nursing care in psychiatry. (Frisch, 2002). Pamela was observed well. She behaved differently each day. Sometimes she would be looking with-drawn and would appear as if looking through me. My morning greetings would not elicit any response. She needed some coaxing to begin her morning ablutions beginning from brushing her teeth. Fatigue and drowsiness appeared to stop her from even getting up from bed on some days. There was a difficulty to get her to consume her medications too (Mitchell, 2006, p. 567). The reluctance to take them on certain days would be changed to an attitude of compliance depending on whether the care-giver on that day was empathetic or not. She was gloomy at times and completely preoccupied. It was difficult to understand that a gay and energetic young girl had become a miserable withdrawn personality in the words of her mother. Her friends were calling frequently to find out about her. They would have liked to visit but they may not have seen a friend they knew. The mother thereby discouraged the friends. Rehabilitation therapy had been instituted in the center for all inpatients. Pamela had not consented to the psychotherapy treatment in the institution. Problems still existed for her. She was extremely distressed the other day when she was asked to have her lunch. Her reason was that her classmates were speaking to her and they had not

Persaude people to travel to Walt Disney World Essay

Persaude people to travel to Walt Disney World - Essay Example ex is so huge and comprehensive that on top of the four theme parks previously mentioned, it also contains two water parks, twenty-three hotels with different themes, three luxury resorts, as well as numerous dining, shopping, recreation and entertainment venues (Wikipedia, 2008). The children mostly enjoy the magical, childish vibe and atmosphere of the place, as there are many employees of the entertainment park walking around dressed like the childrens favorite cartoon characters, among which are Mickey and Minny Mouse, which are the most famous ones. There are also many rides whose theme is the magical kingdom or something related to it, as many rides feature puppets of cartoon animals from shows or movies, which visitors see either by going on a ride that floats in the air or by a boat sailing across the building in which it is placed. The whole experience is magical and more enjoyable than anything we can ever imagine. Moreover, there is a special section which is like a fun sports center for kids, full of tunnels, bridges, plastic ball pools and more, in which the kids enjoy moving around and sliding in tunnels as well as getting some exercise along the way. Along with these rides, primarily intended for children and youngsters, there are many other rides which are designed specifically to those who enjoy and crave adrenalin rushes, the fast beating of the heart, the scariest rides. These include several types of roller- coasters, some with scary loops and twirls; an elevator which drops from the height of a dozen or so floors in about ten seconds; scary houses and tours in cursed buildings in which bloody monsters jump at you and scream, and more. Clearly, from the youngest to the oldest, if youre a man or a woman, regardless of your marital and familial status, anyone could enjoy the Walt Disney World, since it provides such a full and complete experience combining fun, magic, exercise, science, technology, films and more, and anyone can find something

Answer for 11 question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer for 11 question - Essay Example An educated character would use education to find out the very basics of life which, as it is, is the most important aspects of life. Question 2 According to Plato, the Allegory of the cave is that human beings are chained to a wall (while facing the wall) behind them another wall with figures constantly walking across it. Behind the second wall is a pit of fire casting shadows on the wall for humanity to see and determine the object from its shadow. Freedom is breaking free from this wall on which one is chained on. In today’s life, the shadows can be compared to forms of media which paint the picture of how we humans should see things. Like believing all Muslims are terrorists. Freedom is getting away from such stereotypes. Question 3 The Bible details out, in the first three chapters in the book of Genesis, hoe creation was carried out by God and what became of man after his fall from grace. This imparts a very important lesson in people’s daily lives. First of all, the fact that man was created in the image and likeness of God is reason enough for each individual to consider themselves of equal importance to one another. Each individual is thus free from discrimination and owing to the fact that everyone is in God’s image and likeliness. ... tives who have lived together in harmony for several decades until Colonel Joll comes about and sows the seeds of suspicion between the two groups of people. Fear is one of the results of the suspicion between the two groups since each sees the other not as an old friend but a new enemy. In this confusion, the colonizers become more and more ruthless and barbaric even though they had called the natives ‘barbarous.’ Fear further manifests itself in the fact that the colonel Joll leads the Empire’s forces to burn trees along the river and thus keeps the natives fearful. Question 5 In the essay whose title appears above, George Orwell argues that it is detrimental to the understanding of one’s message by using parts of speech that only complicate the message intended for the audience. He faults political language for its distortion of meaning by saying that â€Å"This mixture of vagueness and sheer incompetence is the most marked characteristic of modern Engl ish prose, and especially of any kind of political writing.† This, he says, is used intentional by politicians to hide meaning from those they intend to serve. To the writers, he advices them to â€Å"Bad writers, and especially scientific, political, and sociological writers, are nearly always haunted by the notion that Latin or Greek words are grander than Saxon ones, and unnecessary words like  expedite, ameliorate, predict, extraneous, deracinated, clandestine, subaqueous, and hundreds of others constantly gain ground from their Anglo-Saxon numbers.? They should thus wean themselves off the use of unnecessarily complex words for simpler ones. Question 6 Cormac McCarthy discuses several themes in his book among them religion, belief, and race. He goes against the stereotype by depicting the black man as a

Social Psychology - Exprerimental Psychology Essay

Social Psychology - Exprerimental Psychology - Essay Example Experimental psychology, Patrick McGhee has decribed as the most dominant form of psychology in north America and Europe. Whether or not this dominance is desirable, secure or important is another issue. In the perspective of experimental social psychology, the most scientifically efficient, intellectually rigorous method for understanding human social behaviour makes for the making of three assumptions viz: Experimental psychology can be viewed as the first of the three individual "visions" of social psychology. This "vision" when applied in to the understanding of Liv Ullman does not really explain anything about her success as a film star, but then goes to make us understand her person to the point of why she did what. When put under experimental psychology, the social psychology of Liv Ullman can be understood. The reasons for her being a committed UNICEF goodwill ambassador who has also travelled wide for the organisation can be explained. She is Norweigian, born in Tokyo and has a half Swedish daughter with Swedish Ingmar Bergman. Her vast travel experience may have contributed to her being multi-lingual which may have been useful to her in her many travels across the globe in furtherance of her humanitarian service as a UNICEF goodwill ambassasdor. The fact that she has continued in th... The fact that she has continued in the movie industry as a director (even after retiring as an actress) is a confirmation of the experimental psychology. She will definitely be more comfortable in the movie industry than any other industry. Her role in the movie Scenes from a Marriage, which turned her into a feminist and cultural icon in the 1970s and also placed her as one of the most respected actress of her time was directed by Ingmar Bergman. The position the film put her may have influenced her going into humanitarian service. Her cross-cultural background- born in Tokyo; raised in Norway; married and worked with a Swede, whom she has a child for; and now married to an American- have all contributed to explain her many travels on humanitarian purposes as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador. Looking at this first "vision" of social psychology, it can be said that in understanding Liv Ullman, it is useful. But there are questions that it does not exactly provide answers to. Like how she became so good an actress and so much critical acclaim that has not yet been seen since the 70s. Her sense of security, even when she is not with the ones she loves, or in strange land have not been explained using this "vision". The second "vision" is humanistic and experiential. What this seeks to do is to blend the study of personal and social life in the actualities of lived experience. It tries to look at the lived world and the behavoiur of an individual to the experiences of this world. This vision regards people's experience and the meanings they attach to their actions and that of others. It believes behaviour has to be interpreted to be made meaningful. Thus the behaviour which is objectively observable and analysable is

Common diseases in Colombia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Common diseases in Colombia - Essay Example   This is followed closely by vector borne diseases especially malaria, dengue and yellow fever. Statistics from CIA and CDC indicate that the most predominant of these diseases affecting both locals and travellers (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014). Risk factorsThe risk factors of this disease are the food and water borne diseases due to contaminated food and water. Personal hygiene and sanitation is not emphasized upon in this nation hence the reason they use contaminated water especially from the Pacific Ocean and their food is contaminated. How it is diagnosed Typhoid whose mortality rate reaches even 20% of those diagnosed is spread through food and water contamination. The sick patient experiences high fever that is not sustainable and tests of the blood cells indicate an increase in the white blood cells. The S. typhi bacteria are also analyzed in the urine test which is carried out after the first week of fever. Typhoid is treated using a dose of strong antibiotics such as levofloxacin which clears up the symptoms. Intravenous hydration and the use of antipyretics can also be employed. This is in addition to ensuring proper nutrition and close medical check-ups to monitor treatment. Education on lifestyle modificationIn order to prevent typhoid, eating of washed food and boiled water is important. Thoroughly cooking food as well as peeling fruits is also necessary. For the travellers, typhoid vaccine is recommended before travelling to this nation in addition to not eating food sold on the streets.

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Politics - Essay Example Whatever the flaws, the precepts of divine law theory are basically hinged on what is right and what is wrong. Under that concept, any chaos or disorder in a community is resolved by determining what is good or bad in the conduct of the members. Hence, when all went loose and everyone was in pandemonium and craving for his or her own individual human desires, the biblical Moses saw that a law or set of laws be put in place in order to bring back orderliness and desirable behavior among the throng. Seeking heavenly intervention, he took rage against the people and dictated upon them absolute obedience to the Ten Commandments which he claimed came from above. Whether the directives were really from supernatural forces or not did not make a difference. What was then more essential and urgently necessary was that sanity and normalcy returned to the ancient land within the ambit of law and justice. As population multiplied and as men adopted different beliefs, perceptions and concepts, bowing to one symbol of adoration and worship over and above the power of humans became impossible. Those who were of superior intelligence developed their own independent thinking, perceptions and understanding of things and events and discussed and debated on their ideas in the public forums. The expressions influenced even those who did not care about changes and dynamics taking place in society. As it became imperative, practical laws which did not bear to any divine connection slowly gained acceptance. It had to be accepted that there were scores of people who did not believe in a god or in gods primarily because they did not see those to be worshipped. They did not entertain the idea of leaving to faith whatever they wanted to believe in. Interspersed between the differing factions, the concept of natural law became a neutral ground as an alternative that could be accepted by all to a cert ain extent. Hence, one who sowed and planted would harvest the

Personal Letter to University Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter to University - Personal Statement Example The best reason for me to pursue university studies (say, post-secondary education) is to correlate my career interests and personal interests under a single roof. My personal experience with inequalities in our (Afghanistan) society forced me to take a pledge to make use of every opportunity to serve the needy. As the wide gap between rich and poor is getting wider, the role of a social worker is crucial. Besides, as a person who represents third world countries, I am well aware of the fact that my responsibility is high. So, my plan is to acquire the skills and knowledge that the undergraduate program in social work can offer in order to make a difference in the world. Therefore, I have chosen to pursue a post-secondary education in Bachelor of Social Work because this course can help me materialize my personal and career goals. As a person with intense admiration towards social work, my preferred area of study is Social Work and I am applying for Bachelor of Social Work at the York University. My future career goals are deeply rooted in my personal experiences. For example, my personal experience in my motherland, i.e. Afghanistan motivated me a lot to pursue a career in social work. My ethnic identity as a person from Afghanistan, which faces the fame/problem of internal insurgencies, natural calamities, insufficiency in infrastructure development, poor living condition of the citizens, etc force me to be in the forefront of social work. I feel quite sure that a generation with education and unending aspiration towards social work can transform the future of my nation. Now that I have moved to Canada, there still remains the urge in me to serve the society within my private and public domain. Ming-sum Tsui in the work ‘Social work supervision: contexts and concepts’ makes clear that training programs conducted by universities transformed the formal social work scenario (Tsui 7). Thus, the most important motivation for my decision to

History of Vehicles Essay Example for Free

History of Vehicles Essay Vehicles had provided humans a means of transportation and vehicles had been a great help in building early civilizations such as of Mesopotamia with its chariots, Egypt with its reed boats, and China with its wheelbarrow. The old had been improved; the new had been invented; and the future had been conceptualized. These had been the cycle of vehicles through the change of time. Looking ahead†¦ The Wheel and the Ship (3500 BC) The oldest wheel discovered was in Mesopotamia and is believed to be over fifty-five hundred years old. Rock drawings of ships were found in Egypt and are believed to have been drawn around 6000 BC. These thus proved that wheel and ships are known by man at that very early time and were used as a part of their trading and technology. Wheels are taught to had been conceptualized when â€Å"humans realized that heavy objects could be moved easier if something round, for example a fallen tree log, was placed under it and the object rolled over it† (Bellis, â€Å"The Invention of the Wheel†). First boats then were usually built of wood while animal skins, clay pots, and reeds had served as an alternative. The Wheelbarrow (181 234 AD) The wheelbarrow is believed to have originated from China and was invented by a general named Chuko Liang to transport supplies to injured soldiers. It is believed that â€Å"wheelbarrows do not exist in Europe before the 11th or 12th century (the earliest known Western depiction is in a window at Chartres Cathedral, dated around 1220 AD). Descriptions of the wheelbarrow in China refer to first century BC, and the oldest surviving picture, a frieze relief from a tomb-shrine in Szechuan province, dates from about 118 AD† (â€Å"Wheelbarrow†). The Early Triumphs to Fly (400 BC-1850s) Kite flying started by the Chinese had been the pioneer of man on how he could fly. Different thoughts as to how man could meet this objective had undergone. These included the experiment to imitate a bird by attaching feathers or light weight wood to arms which had been proven disastrous since human arms’ muscles are not like of birds and cannot move with a strength like of a bird. Other experiments though were not originally intended so as man could fly included the work of Hero of Alexandria on Aeolipile. â€Å"Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate. Aeolipile must be included in the history of vehicles because it gave the principle for engine created movement† (Bellis, â€Å"Early history of Flight†). In the 1480s, with over 100 drawings that illustrated theories on bird and mechanical flight, Leonardo da Vinci had also entered this search to man’s mean to fly (Bellis, Early history of Flight). Leonardo’s Ornithopter concept had been the basis to the invention of the modern day helicopter. In 1783, Jacques Etienne and Joseph Michel Montgolfier invented the first hot air balloon (â€Å"How Did We Learn to Fly Like the Birds? †). Using the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag that was attached to a basket, they had been able to fly aboard the hot air balloons’ first passengers, a sheep, a rooster, and a duck. On November 21, 1783, the first ever successful manned flight took place sending Francois Laurent and Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier up in the air (Bellis, Early history of Flight). Further studies then went on. In the 1850’s, George Cayley, the considered founder of Aerodynamics, had made his contribution through his gliders wherein a young boy had been the first to fly. The Submarine (1578 – 1620) Designs for underwater boats or submarines date back to the 1500s and ideas for underwater travel date back even further but only in the year 1578 did appear a record of a craft for underwater navigation. â€Å"William Bourne, a former Royal Navy gunner, designed a completely enclosed boat that could be submerged and rowed beneath the surface (Bellis, â€Å"History of the Submarine 2†). Bourne’s idea had never been implemented but a similar apparatus was launched in 1605 (Bellis, History of the Submarine 2). The apparatus didn’t get farther as its designers did not considered the tenacity of underwater mud which caused the craft to stick in the river bottom in its first underwater trial. But in the year 1620, Cornelius Van Drebbel had invented the first â€Å"practical† submarine which was a rowboat covered with greased leather (Bellis, History of the Submarine 2). His submarine had successfully maneuvered at depths of 12 to 15 ft. below the surface of Thames River. He had then further made revisions of his first submarine and legends says that after repeated tests, King James I of England rode to one of his later models (â€Å"The Saga of the Submarine†). Despite success, Drebbel’s invention did not quickly amaze the British Navy that made submarine warfare infeasible during that time. Steam Powered Automobiles (1600 1700) Steam power had been known for the past centuries but it was only in the 1600’s where it had been in practical use. â€Å"Ferdinand Verbiest created a model steam carriage in 1678, that moved by using a principle that is used in the modern day turbine. In the 17th century the Dutch physicist, Christiaan Huygens built an engine that uses air pressure. About 1750, the French inventor Jacques de Vaucanson gave a demonstration of a carriage propelled by a large clockwork engine. The steam engine had then developed the motorized land transport by the 1760s† (Brainard). The first built automobile is attributed to Nicolas Joseph Cugnot in the year 1769. He made his three wheeled steam driven tractor intending to help the French army to move its heavy artillery pieces in and around Paris (Brainard). His being the first had made also his automobile to be also the first to be involved in an automobile accident in 1771. Steamboat (1783 1787) After a century of steam power exploration used in automobiles, development of steam powered boats then took place. In 1783, the first practical steamboat was demonstrated by Marquis Claude Francois de Jouffroy d’Abbans – a paddle wheel steamboat. â€Å"The era of the steamboat then began in America in 1787 when John Fitch (1743-1798) made the first successful trial of a forty-five-foot steamboat on the Delaware River on August 22, 1787, in the presence of members of the Constitutional Convention. Fitch later built a larger vessel that carried passengers and freight between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey. † (Bellis, â€Å"History of Steamboats†). Modern Bicycles (1790) The next notable improvement in the history of vehicles is the invention of modern day bicycles which is disputed on whether the invention of Pierre and Ernest Michaux were the first ever built or not. â€Å"Some history books states that Pierre and Ernest Michaux, the French father and son team of carriage-makers, invented the first bicycle during the 1860s. Historians now disagree and there is supporting evidence that the bicycle is already known before. However, historians all agree that Pierre and Ernest Michaux invent the modern bicycle pedal and cranks in 1861. † (Bellis, â€Å"Bicycle History†, â€Å"Bicycle History in Debate†). Steam Powered Locomotives (1801) Locomotives were designed first by Richard Trevithick but not originally for railroad tracks but for roads while George Stephenson is regarded as the inventor of the first steam locomotive engine for railroads. â€Å"Richard Trevithicks invention is considered the first tramway locomotive, however, it was designed for a road, not for a railroad. † (Bellis, â€Å"Richard Trevithick†). The Motorcycles (1867) The mechanical version of the bicycles had been born with the invention of motorcycles in 1867. â€Å"American, Sylvester Howard Roper (1823-1896) invented a two-cylinder, steam-engine motorcycle (powered by coal) in 1867. This can be considered the first motorcycle, if you allow your description of a motorcycle to include a steam engine. † (Bellis, â€Å"Motorcycle†).

Hockey .vs. football Essay Example for Free

Hockey .vs. football Essay Football and hockey are two sports, which are similar in objective, but very different in their rules and guidelines. In each of these major sports there are rules and guidelines that the players must follow. The topics that will be covered are the weight differences between the players in football and hockey, the use of Creatine Monohydrate, and last the equipment restrictions. This first paragraph will discuss the weight difference between the players in the NFL (football) and the NHL (hockey). Although there is no written rule as to how much a player can weigh in either of the sports, there is the unwritten rule that the players and coaches follow. The average hockey player weighs about 185 pounds. The average weight of a full NHL hockey team consisting of 24 players is about 4,500 lbs. Coaches in the NHL do not want their players too weigh more than 200 though because as Mike Milbury the coach of the New York Islanders put it when a player is as big as a football player (approx. 250 lbs. ). It is harder for a player to move quickly and elude an upcoming check. In the NFL, it is the opposite of the NHL. The coaches dont want their players too weigh less than 200 pounds. The Punter/Kicker is the only position that it doesnt really matter what the weight of player is. On average the weight of a NFL player is 250 lbs. The average team consisting of 48 players weighs about 12,000 lbs. This paragraph talks about a very controversial substance that is used by millions of people around the world. This wonder drug, which is not really a drug, but a natural occurring substance in the human body is called Creatine Monohydrate. This substance was used in the NFL until 2 years ago when the governing board of the NFL ruled that Creatine is a steroid type substance that gives the athlete using it a substantial edge in quickness, strength, and endurance over the players who choose not to use it. If a player is caught using the substance he will be suspended for the same amount of time, as he would be if he were using the real anabolic steroids. Yet the NHLs board of governors has not even voted upon this same substance. It is a proven fact that the NHL players using Creatine have gained on average 15 ? 20 pounds of muscle in as little as 2. 5 months. The players have also been injured less when using the substance. This last paragraph will talk about the equipment restrictions between the NHL and the NFL. Hockey has a lot of restrictions that the players must follow. Each piece of equipment worn has a size restriction on it. Goalies are watched more carefully than the players are because last year in the NHL the goals a game average went from 7. 5 to 5. The NHL did an investigation and found out that some goalie equipment was almost twice as big as it was when they last did an investigation in the early 90s. If a player is caught breaking the rules on equipment size, he will receive a 2-minute penalty. If the player is a repeat offender he can receive (fourth infraction) a 1 game suspension. The NFL does not have any equipment restrictions as of right now. The reason for this is because the offensive/ defensive line players (310+ lbs. ) keep getting bigger, making the equipment rule a waste of time. There are some teams that are taking advantage of this though. Since there is no advantage to players in the NFL wearing bigger equipment, there is an advantage in adding substances to the equipment and the player. Players are using pine tar on their hands so that it makes it almost impossible for a player to drop the ball if the throw is half-decent. The players are also using a silicone-based substance on their game jersey so that it is hard for the opposing team to grab them and pull them down. Although the objective to both these pastimes are similar players must follow different rules in their sport. It may seem unfair for one pro league to let their players use something that is banned in another pro sport. The board of governors have to take all this into consideration and decide what is best for their sports and obviously they wont be able to make all the right decisions. With so many new products that will help to enhance players performance that eventually they will all be banned from pro sports.

Negligence Project Manager In Construction Industry

Negligence Project Manager In Construction Industry CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Negligence of project manager in construction industry Construction industry is one of the contributors to economic development of the country. It is consists of many parties involved having different background and expertise in projects. Project manager as a leader of the project plays important role in managing project. However, as a human being, people could not run away from make a mistake or negligence in performing a task or responsible. Negligence of project manager would be discussed in giving the best performance of project manager by learning the past mistake. 2.2 Definition of negligence Negligence done by project manager is where project manager does not carry out duty of care to other parties and as a result, the other parties suffer losses, damages and others because of that negligence. Negligence also can be determined as misconduct (or malpractice) of professionals fail in carrying out their tasks efficiently. As referred to MC Nair Judges in Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee, negligence in law means a failure to do some act which a reasonable man in the circumstances would do, or the doing of some act which a reasonable man in the circumstances would not do; and if that failure or the doing of that act results in injury, then there is a cause of action. Willick (1986) stated that Malpractice is an application of negligence law by which liability is usually imposed, not when professionals fail to achieve certain results, but when they fail to exercise due diligence and reasonable care in their practices. Hingun M. and Wan Azlan Ahmad (1998) stated that the word negligence can be used in three principal senses which are: 1. First, it could refer to a persons mental element, his negligence as to the possible effects of his conduct 2. Secondly, it may refer to the quality of a persons conduct that he is negligent in doing something such as crossing the road or driving his car, or in failing to do something such as to accompany his small child in a place that may turn out to have objects that could cause injury to that child. In this sense the word negligence indicates the standard or quality of the conduct. 3. Thirdly, the word refers to a branch of tort law which imposes a certain standard of care on people in certain circumstances: this means that they are under an obligation not to conduct themselves below the standard, and if they do, they are liable in law to compensate the person who has suffered as a consequence of their careless act. As what been stated in the case Donoghue v Stevenson [1932], Not every careless act or fault on the part of a professional gives rise to liability in negligence, even where damage is sustained by another as a result. Negligence also can be defined as the failure to use reasonable care. It also could be the doing of something which a reasonably prudent person would not do, or the failure to do something which a reasonably prudent person would do under like circumstances1. Negligence is a legal cause of damage if it directly and in natural and continuous sequence produces or contributes substantially to producing such damage, so it can reasonably be said that if not for the negligence, the loss, injury or damage would not have occurred. Negligence is also might be a legal cause of damage even though it operates in combination with the act of another, a natural cause, or some other cause if the other cause occurs at the same time as the negligence and if the negligence contributes substantially to producing such damage.2 Furthermore, generally a party who has caused an injury or loss to another in consequence of his negligence is responsible for all the consequences. An example of this may be found in the case of a person who drives a car during a dark night on the wrong side of the road and injures another.3 _______________________________________________________________________ 1 http://www.lectlaw.com Aaron Larson (2003) stated that in general terms, negligence is the failure to use ordinary care through either an act or omission. That is, negligence occurs when: Somebody does not exercise the amount of care that a reasonably careful person would use under the circumstances; or Somebody does something that a reasonably careful person would not do under the circumstances.4 Negligence is often defined as consisting of a breach of duty. That is wrong. The duty in such a case can be defined only as a duty to use care, i.e., not to act negligently; and to define the duty so, and then to define negligence as consisting of a breach of the duty, is to define in a circle. The misconception has arisen from a failure to distinguish between a negligent wrong, which, like all wrongs, involves a breach of duty, and the negligence itself, which is one element in the wrong.5 4 http://www.expertlaw.com/library/personal_injury/negligence.html 5 29 Harv. L. Rev. 40 (1915-1916) Negligence; Terry, Henry T. 2.3 Element of Liability As a project manager, he or she responsible in managing project successfully and have liability towards the project. Liability of project manager such as planning, leading, controlling, organizing, co-coordinating available resources (i.e. people or material) and others in order to make the project completed efficiently. Project manager can not be easily being judge in doing negligent in the construction project. There are some requirement that had been stated in some books on element of liability where in order one party to be judge as breach of contract or negligent in the project, plaintiff must show or prove that the defendant (project manager) done something wrong or make mistake in conducting their duties. Hussin A.A. (2006) stated that there are four elements of negligence. The plaintiff in an action for negligence must show: 1. That the defendant owed him a duty of care 2. Considering the first of these elements, it is necessary to decide whether in the particular circumstances one person (the defendant) owed a duty of care to the other (plaintiff). 3. That there was a breach of that duty 4. That recoverable damage was thereby caused. Sweet J. (2000) had stated the elements of negligence by saying that to justify a conclusion that the defendant was negligent, the plaintiff must establish the following: 1. The defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff to conform o a certain standard of conduct in order to protect the plaintiff against unreasonable risk of harm. 2. The defendant did not conform to the standard required 3. A reasonably close causal connection existed between the conduct of the defendant and the injury to the plaintiff. 4. The defendant invaded a legally protected interest of the plaintiff. Finola OFarrell Q.C. stated that in order to establish a claim in negligence, it is necessary for a claimant to satisfy the following requirements: 1. The existence in law of a duty of care 2. Behaviour that falls below the standard of care imposed by law 3. A causal connection between the defendants conduct and the damage 4. Damage falling within the scope of the duty Aaron Larson (2003) listed four elements of a negligence action. A typical formula for evaluating negligence requires that a plaintiff prove the following four factors by a preponderance of the evidence: 1. The defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff (or a duty to the general public, including the plaintiff); 2. The defendant violated that duty; 3. As a result of the defendants violation of that duty, the plaintiff suffered injury; and 4. The injury was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendants action or inaction. 2.4 Types of negligence Hussin A. A. (2006) stated Negligence of professional can be divided into two which are negligence in giving statement (misstatement) or Negligence caused erroneous statement and Negligence in the performance of duties (in addition to advice). As referred to the statement above, there are two types of negligence. Negligence caused erroneous statement can be determined as negligence made by project manager regarding their wrong statement given to the any other parties in construction project. Negligence in the performance of duties (in addition to advice) including check the site, design, prepare budgets, prepare bills of quantity, selecting contractors, using the terms of the contract, comply with the law and practice, administer contracts, oversee the work, provide work instructions, and review work to make recommendations (work and progress payments). Project manager can be said negligent in the performance of duties because they not they are not comply their duties and carrying out the task properly such as not selecting the best contractors, not administer the contracts efficiently and others. There are several examples of negligence that can be categorized under Negligence caused erroneous statement and Negligence in the performance of duties. 2.4.1 Negligence in giving advice There is one case where project managers may be found negligent in performing their task such as failed to advise their clients about inappropriate construction materials. In that case, project manager is not really failed to advice their client because they do advice their client verbally but not record it in writing. However, project manager has obliged his obligation or duties to give advice and warn his client but it is also clients obligation to take into consideration advice given by project manager. There is the case: Pride Valley Foods v Hall and Partners In case Pride Valley Foods v Hall and Partners which had been occurred in June 2001 is about Pride Valley who intended to expand their small company specializing in baking pitta and nan breads. Pride Valley decided to build a factory for expanding their business in County Durham which is located in the North East of England. Pride Valley had been advised by their financial backers to approach Hall Partners as Pride Valley had no experience in design and build contract and also in construction. Hall Partners had been engaged by Pride Valley as their project managers for the construction of a factory in Country Durham. Hall Partners is a well-known local firm of quantity surveyors and estate agents. The issue is Pride Valley wanted keep costs down and Hall Partners proposed to Pride Valley to use expanded polystyrene panels as partitioning. Hall Partners had informed to Pride Valley the risk of using expanded polystyrene verbally and not in writing. As a result, expanded polystyrene panels were used as partitioning was destroying the factory. As stated by Molloy J.B. (YEAR) expert evidence agreed that the fire had developed at the bottom of a flue serving the pitta bread line due to a build up of cooking deposits in the flue, and spread to the expanded polystyrene wall panels which rapidly spread the fire through the entire building with such force that it was too dangerous for fire-fighters to even enter the building in order to put the fire out. Pride Valley decided to sue Hall Partners for the consequences. Hall Partners had been blamed by Pride Valley because of failing to discharge project managers duty of care and also to warn them. Hall Partners maintained that they had given advice verbally with Pride Valley. But, the court held that Hall Partners had failed to give appropriate advice to Pride Valley as project managers. Although Hall Partners had given advice verbally, the judge did not consider it because they failed to record it in writing. However, the judge rejected Pride Valleys claim because the court further held that Pride Valley would not have taken Hall Partners advice if it had been given whereas merely focused on the cheapest cost of the building by using expanded polystyrene that given risk. Patten B.(2003) stated project managers role in concerned with supervision and co-ordination and however there are also a project manager that failed to control particular aspects of the costs, failed to ensure that other construction professionals had access to correct information or failed to prevent another construction professional from making an important error. Furthermore, Patten B. (2003) shows that there is contributory negligence of project manager to the project. One case had been stated where project manager failed to warn his client regarding the special panels. Special panels which client intends to use were not suitable because of highly combustible and the chance of fire spreading throughout the building is high. Hence, court decided to reduce the damages that need to be recovered by the claimant and also the loss caused by the fire will be covered 50 percent by the project manager. It is because, project manager is the person who did not take reasonable actions in preventing the loss happen because of fire and project manager plays an important in coordinating and supervising the project. Blame on project manager regarding this case would give bad impression to professional performance in construction industry by parties involved in the project. Supposedly, as project manager, they should avoid this negligence by discussing clien ts requirement first and take reasonable steps in preventing bad things happen in site. Project manager acts to coordinating the works and supervise the progress of work. Project manager owed duty of care to review the programme and ensure that the project on programme by using reasonable endeavors. There are two cases had been discussed by Patten B. (2003) which is Chesham Properties Ltd v. Bucknall Austin Project Management Services Ltd and Royal Brompton Hospital NHS Trust v. Hammond and others. 2.4.2 Negligence in performing his duty of care Project manager holding big responsibilities in making project successfully completed. However, as a human being there are some of responsibilities that project manager does not realize on it. There is a case regarding this issue: (a) Pozzolanic Lytag Ltd v Bryan Hobson Associates (1998) This case involved in construction of a dome. Bryan Hobson Associates (BHA) is an engineer that being engaged as project manager by Pozzolanic Lytag. BHAs were responsible to the design and construction of storage facilities for pulverised fuel ash. That is project manager responsible to successfully complete the project. As the construction completed, the works designed by the Contractor collapsed and there is no-one had taken out the required insurance. Insurance is very important in order to protect the product of construction at the end of the project and also important during the construction stage. However, insurance should be taken out in order to protect construction product even after the construction completed for certain period. In this case, BHA had been blamed by Pozzolanic Lytag because of failure in ensuring the insurance was in place and insurance also must be updated for certain period. However, BHA said that they did not know that it was their job to check on the in surance and they did not know anything about insurance. As project manager, they should take note their obligation or duty of care towards clients interest although they were not expert in several aspects. However, that is the challenges that project manager are going faced on. Hence, the court found out that project managers did not relieve their responsibility although they lacked the expertise regarding insurances. As what been judged by court, project manager should be able to find out the way they carry themselves in handling this kind of problems. Although that kind of thing is not project managers expertise but it is still under project managers responsibility to look into those aspects. (b) Chesham Properties Ltd v Bucknall Austin Project Management Services (1996) In this case, Bucknall Austin had been appointed as project manager by property developer which is Chesham Properties. Chesham Properties involved in a scheme to develop a site known as Royal Court House in Cadogan Place, London. This issue of case was the contractor was given an extension of time where it supposedly not be granted to contractor. Contractor had been awarded extensions of time just because to cover up the failings by the professional team. The project also had overrun in cost and time. Chesham Properties found out that Bucknall Austin was breached the contract and also negligent in performing their duties. Furthermore, Chesham also argued that there should be an implied terms to Bucknall Austin as a project manager where the deficiency of works might affect or contribute to defects in the work, increase costs or delay completion. Hence, as a project managers duty was to warn Chesham regarding the deficiencies in the performance of parties involved. Besides, as a project manager he had an obligation to inform Chesham Properties. As a result, the developer sued the whole professional team. The court also found out that project manager was under a duty of care to report to the developer on deficiencies in the performance of the rest of the professional team and project manager was negligent in failing to do so. The judge was of the view that: The Project Manager was plainly under a duty, on the true construction of the contract in such terms and made in such context, to report to the plaintiff on deficiencies in performance on the part of its co-defendants. In this case, project manager owed a duty of care to inform employer regarding the deficiencies in the work of the other professionals. 2.4.3 Negligence in supervision or inspection According to R.M. Jackson and J.L. Powell (1992), the architect or engineer in general necessary inspects the construction building properly either before or during construction of a structure. As a project manager that having background either architect or engineer or quantity surveyor must be able to do inspection or supervision efficiently. In book written by Hussin A.A.(2006), there are statement by R.J. Kemelfield where architects, engineers or contractors may be held liable for losses incurred by the client if they failed to inspect building sites with the right methods. These include inspection when work is being undertaken especially during the excavation work was completed. There is one case regarding engineers negligence in their duties. This case is between Moneypenny vs. Hartland where in that case, an engineer had been found negligent for failing to examine the form of land that will accommodate the basic construction of a bridge which can be called as foundation of the bridge. Consequences of this failure, he has made assessment of the costs that are too low for construction. This case is about engineers fault because he or she does not examine the form of land effectively. As what we can interpret from this case was engineer makes a mistake because in examining the form of land is actually can be classified under engineers liability in construction project. Hence, engineer can be said as negligence in the performance of duties and not comply duty of care and their liability as a professional. However, in case Columbus Co. vs. Clowes is about an architect has been found negligent for failing to assess and measure a site. He just depends on what was told to him by third parties. Consequently he has been drawing plans and specifications based on dimensions smaller than the actual dimensions of the site. This is another case that involve architect as professional in construction project. In this case, architect failed in carrying out their task which is fails in assessing and measuring a site. Basically, as referred to this case, architect was found guilty and negligent because they do not do their job effectively and only referring to the third party to get information to draw the plains and specification. It shows that, architect that involved in that project do make any effort to get information and not carrying out their task earnestly. As what been discussed above, it shows that engineer, architect and any other professional were found guilty in carrying their task. As a professional, they are the person who can take responsibility in being project manager. As they failed to perform their duties, they might face the problem once they being a project manager. However, it can be done by studying project management before they come into project manager world. It can reduce the probability to give high risk in negligence during the construction project or after the project completed. There are other cases that relates to inadequate supervision which are: Jameson v. Simon Leicester Guardians v. Trollope Clay v. A.J. Crump Sons Ltd. (a) Jameson v. Simon Regarding on this case, architect was held negligent in failing to inspect work efficiently. In order to certify that the work had been executed according to the contract, supervision by architect required. However, in this case architect failed to inspect the bottoming of the cement floor of a house either before or at the time the floor was laid. The bottoming was subsequently found to consist of waste material and to be the cause of dry rot. There was an evidence to show that architect had done his supervision by visiting site in average once a week. Architect also had given as much supervision and inspection as it was customary to give according to the practice of architects. But that practice was insufficient to absolve the architect for failure to inspect so important a part of the work. (b) Leicester Guardians v. Trollope Regarding on this case, by referring to Jackson and Powell (1992) stated that architect was held negligent in failing to supervise the laying of concrete. He had contended that it was for the clerk of works to supervise it. Channel J. rejected the contention, considering that the laying of the concrete was a very important matter since a large area had to be covered. He continued if the architect had taken steps to see that the first block was all right, and had then told the clerk of works that the work in the others was to be carried out in the same way. I would have been inclined to hold that the architect had done his duty, but in fact he did nothing to see that the design was complied with. In my view this was not a matter of detail which could be left with the clerk of works. (c) Clay v. A.J. Crump Sons Ltd This case is about architect was requested by the employer to consider whether it was safe to leave standing a wall which subsequently collapsed. Architects duty to the employer may require him to consider and advice upon the need for precautions. (Jackson Powell,1992). Architect as a project manager also has duty to warn any probabilities for problem to come out in order to protect employers interest and successfully completed. 2.4.4 Negligence in selecting contractors Jackson and Powell (1992) stated one point of negligence which is failure to take reasonable steps in selecting contractors. The exercise of reasonable care and skill may require an architect to make reasonable enquiries as to the solvency and capabilities of contractors including nominated sub-contractors in circumstances where he is responsible for their recommendation. An architect was held negligent in failing to put the work of converting a house out to competitive tender in Hutchinson v. Harris. Similarly he should take care when examining the amounts of quotations, not to accept rates which are unreasonable in the circumstances. Valerie Pratt vs. George J. Hill Associated. There is one case about the negligence in giving recommendation or can be said as wrong statement given by professional. That case is Valerie Pratt vs. George J. Hill Associated. This case involves the architect who advised his client that one contractor company is very reliable in performing construction work and based on advice (recommendations) given by architect, the contractor has been appointed by his client. However, then the contractor can not be trusted and work performance by that contractor is very bad. The court found that the architect had violated his duties (duties) to advice, that he was doing wrong statement to his client. In this case, the architect liable in giving advises to the client to choose the committed contractor to complete the job properly. However, architect that act as project manager need to advises the client and recommend the client the best contractor to complete the job but in this case, architect had been judge as doing wrong statement by giving bad recommendation to the client. Architect should investigate the background of the contractor in order to carrying out the task given and not simply choose the contractor by not knowing their experience in construction industry. As a result, project manager need to blame on this matter because they owed the duty of care to the client and not performing their duty efficiently. There is another case where architect or engineer owes a duty of care and have liability for materials in project. As what James M. F. (2002) stated in his book, if the materials selected by the employer without reference to the architect or engineer then the only duty imposed upon the architect or engineer is a duty to warn of any defects in the materials known to him. 2.4.5 Negligence in advising on the suitable contract As a project manager, it is an obligation of project manager in considering the terms of contract and chooses the best contract for client. The exercise of reasonable care and skill may require the architect to advise the employer to reject a particular form of contract or a particular term if disadvantageous to the employers interests, or to refuse to nominate a particular sub-contractor unless he is prepared to guarantee or warrant to the employer the quality or fitness of certain work and materials. (Jackson and Powell, 1992) 2.4.6 Negligence in administering building contract As what been stated by Jackson and Powell (1992), there is a case which is Wilks v. Thingoe (Suffolk) R.D.C. where an architect was held negligent. It is because architect was negligence in having embarked on a course of extravagant expenditure without his employers authority. The position of the architect under the JCT Standard Form of Building contract (1963 edition, July 1971 revision) was recently considered, mainly from the standpoint of its contractual consequences as between employer and contractor, in London Borough of Merton v. Stanley Hugh Leach Ltd. Vinelott J. stated: under the standard conditions the architect acts as the servant or agent of the building owner in supplying the contractor with the necessary drawings, instructions, levels and the like and in supervising the progress of the work and in ensuring that it is properly carried out. He will of course normally though not invariably have been responsible for the design of the work To the extent that the architect performs these duties the building owner contracts with the contractor that the architect will perform them with reasonable diligence and with reasonable skill and care. The contract also, confers on the architect discretionary powers which he must exercise with due regard to the interests of the contractor and the building owner. The building owner does not undertake that the architect will exercise his discretionary powers reasonably; he undertakes that although the architect may be engaged or employed by him will leave him free to exercise his discretions fairly and without imp roper interference by him. 2.2 The Causes of Project Managers Negligence Project managers negligence in construction must leave impacts once it happened against project whether towards the project or parties involved such as workers. However, the causes of project managers negligence will be find out in order to prevent any other project manager from repeating same mistakes in future. As a project manager, they are the best person chosen by client to handle the project successfully. They have capability and expertise in conducting a project is the reasons why client had high expectation towards project manager. However, project manager is different between each other. They studied project management but having different background, experience, level of capability, attitude and etc that bringing different way or style in handling the project. Tunner and Muller (2006) have also shown that a project managers success at managing his or her project is dependent on their competence, particularly their leadership style comprising emotional intelligence, management focus and intellect. As what Badawy M. K. (1988) stated where project manager requires a high degree of flexibility and adaptability, aggressiveness, persuasiveness, superb communication skills, an ability to deal with conflict and to function well within a highly ambiguous environment and ill-defined organizational relationships. This is not easy task because project managers task is a complex one. Furthermore, he also stated that the primary problems of project management are not technical because they are human. It follows that the ratio of project success as well as efficiency and effectiveness of resources utilization will be significantly enhanced if management can do a better job in recruiting, selecting, training, and developing managerial skills of project managers. The causes of project failure can be numerous. However, the core reason for project failure usually is not limited resources but incompetent project managers. Projects fail because managers fail. Project Managers negligence comes from the project managers itself. Project manager have responsibilities in carrying out the task and ensure all the works being completed efficiently. In order to make the projects flow smoothly, project managers must have ability in solving the problems during the construction stage and well-trained in project management. Poor project manager will overemphasis of technical skills as prerequisite for selection to project management positions as what been stated by Badawy M. K. (1988). In managing the projects, it is not only on technical skills as what statement given. It is about soft skills that project manager had in order to deal with people in construction project. If project manager failed to deal with parties involved in the construction project, the probabilities of project managers negligence is higher. As project manager, they need high interpersonal skills and superb communication skills in being a good project manager. These skills are important to avoid project managers negligence in construction project such as miscommunication in giving instruction and others. Lack of communication also is one of the causes of project managers negligence as communication is very important in conducting, directing, organizing and etc to make the instruction or information were clearly given and understood. 1. Inappropriate advice There is another cause of project managers negligence in construction which is failed to advice his client in appropriate way. There is the case where project manager is wrongdoer because has advise their client without record it in writing. This case clearly shown the caus

Religious Themes in Oryx and Crake Essay -- World Literature Religion

Religious Themes in Oryx and Crake It is in these representations of Snowman that I believe Atwood is making a definitive statement as to whether God created man or whether man creates God. Undoubtedly Atwood is suggesting that man inevitably, despite of himself, creates God, with or without outside assistance. It seems that throughout the novel there is an extended metaphor of Snowman as various figures from the Christian bible. The first figure that Snowman can be said to represent is that of Adam, the first man, though the similarities between the two characters do not follow the same chronology. Just as Adam is given the animals as companions to look over, similarly Crake has ensured that the Crakers and Jimmy are both left in the newly re-created world as companions. Another strong resemblance and play on words can be observed in the Christian story of original sin and Crake's mass destruction of humanity. In Genesis, God sets aside one fruit tree and commands Adam not to touch or eat from it, as a result of Adam's betrayal, God casts him out of paradise, and forces hardship on him for the rest of his days. Likewise, Jimmy is fully cognizant the first time he meets Oryx that she is off limits to him, yet his betrayal of Crake ultimately results in his leaving Paradice and forces various hardships on him. Lastly, in the Snowman-as-Adam device, there is a realization that the companions which have been assigned by a higher power are insufficient, and the following desperate need for companions that are closer on the evolutionary chain. For Adam, this companion was Eve. Throughout Atwood's novel Snowman is absolutely desperate for some companion, someone more understanding than the Crakers, or better than his ow... ...t this leads to a rather interesting debate: whether or not the Crakers would have eventually created religion or at the very least art themselves, regardless of Snowman`s interference. I believe that Atwood is commenting on the fact that it is man's nature to be existential, to wonder where he came from, and who created creation, and that it is natural to invent possible answers to these questions when none are evident. For example, as Snowman returns after his foray back into the Compound he finds that the Crakers have created an idol of him and are chanting his name in a way which sounds like `Amen', "next they'd be inventing idols, and funerals, and grave goods, and the afterlife, and sin..."(361). Either way you look at Snowman, as a religious patriarch or a representation of the biblical serpent, he is still corrupting the Crakers with his false dogma.

Philosophy on Teaching and Education of Orhan Seyfi Ari Essay -- Educa

ORHAN SEYFI ARI (1918 - 1992) His Philosophy on Teaching and Education Philosophies and Philosophers The late Orhan Seyfi Ari was a philosopher and educator, a teacher who was dubbed Teacher of Teachers and who a street was named after, as a teacher and headmaster hailed for social and cultural educational reform, a columnist and poet, some of his philosophy on philosophers and educational thinkers, philosophies of education and teaching, are deducible as below ~he saw himself as a humble teacher: "I am neither a scholar nor a philosopher" he wrote in his unfinished treatise -he has been hailed also as a scholar, a thinker, a philosopher. Dogrusoz (on educators & O S Ari) -Kibris, 5 Feb. 99 "Sometimes a great school is a man, sometimes a man is himself a great school" Fedai -Halkin Sesi, 27 Dec. 92 "Seeking of you insight the wonders of the universe into I knew, at last, this, that the universe was you" Metiner -Birlik, 29 Jan 93 "Well known and versed, none was he... Than the pilgrim -the teacher: Orhan Ari" Orhan Seyfi Ari rhymed thus the philosophies of philosophers, the efforts of educators, teachers, failing to wake man to his difference from mere animals he was behaving as:- " 'I was an ape' you say -or amphibian? And now?! Are you not, now.. 'man'!? " Failings were of.. philosophers, eastern and western thinkers, educational philosophy, teachers, teaching -in teaching values. Were affecting educational philosophies and educational philosophers, educators and education, teachers and teaching, philosophy and science, knowledge and wisdom, the biases of those who thrived on ignorance and sought to unpopularize each other's kind to the masses with many concerns or under pain of ridicule... ...le of quantum physics as regards the mere act of observing affecting the observed, of personal development theories being adaptations from philosophy and philosophers, was bad for teaching, education, educators, teachers. Man had potential, always learned -his appearance of being more capable of learning when young had to do with many concerns of adult life affecting as non-use did a car battery ~love aided in education and teaching but left much to be desired if rapport or response was without conscious understanding. Educators and teachers in teaching, philosophers in philosophy, did owe care in teaching and education not to couple biases affecting teaching and education contrary to man's aspirations with such innocence -that did begin by exercising thought in education, and teaching to think. "Never the thinker expires Who in others thinking inspires"

Women on The Street Essay -- essays research papers

Women on the Street Have you ever rushed down the street and felt that nagging feeling of guilt, as you breeze by someone lying in a doorway? Is she alive? Is she ill? Why do we all rush by without finding out is she's all right? People sit in train stations, bus stations, parks, doorways, unmistakably sick, with what, we don't know. All are seemingly alone. Some beg. Some don't. Some have open sores that ooze and bleed. Some are drunk. Some talk to themselves or formless others. They have no homes. Street people make up a small percentage of the homeless population. Most homeless people blend into the daily flow of urban life. Many families are homeless. Many babies go from the hospital into the shelter system, never knowing what it is like to go home. Women are another subgroup of the homeless. Solutions to homelessness are not easily found. But before we can solve problems, we must be sensitive enough that we create the will to find the solutions. Often if we do not feel the problem, if some emotional response is not made, we are not moved to seek solutions. We are often unmoved to even recognize the questions. We cannot afford to keep walking by. "Work is a fundamental condition of human existence," said Karl Marx. In punch-the-clock and briefcase societies no less than in agricultural or hunting and gathering societies, it is the organization of work that makes life in communities possible. Individual life as well as social life is closely tied to work. In wage labored societies, and perhaps in every other as well, much of an individual's identity is tied to their job. For most people jobs are a principal source of both independence and correctness to others. It should come as no surprise that, in the work force or out, work and jobs are important in the lives of homeless women. There are women who want to work and do, and women who want to work and do not. There are women who cannot work and others who should not work and still others who do not want to work. Some work regularly, some intermittently; some work part-time, some full-time; and there are even those who work two jobs. At any given moment, there is a lot of job-searching, job losing, job changing, and ... ...es could have contained the explosive forces of racial animosity, social class differences, competition for resources, overcrowding, individuals who were not always in control of their actions, and individuals who wanted to disassociate themselves from the group. but came against these forces, and born mainly out of shared homelessness and common needs, was a powerful impulse to group cohesion and solidarity. Most of the time, the impulse to solidarity was strong enough to hold the negative forces in check, there by providing the minimum of peace and good order that made social life possible. On many evenings, as the women came together in the shelter, there was sufficient good feeling and fellow feelings, when coupled with their common needs and circumstances, to allow a sense of community to sputter into life. For most women, the loneliness of their homeless state was a terrible burden to bear; this fragile bit of community, however small, was precious indeed. "Homelessness is the sum total of our dreams, policies, intentions, errors, omissions, cruelties, kindness, all of it recorded, in the flesh, in the life of the streets." (Marin 41).

Briefly Outline a Selection of Victorian Values

This essay is going to briefly outline a section of Victoria values such as separate spheres, religion and family. Outside the family sphere, one had to strive for self-improvement and industry in ones working life, and developed nations. The main focus of this essay is going to be on fallen woman. In the Victorian era women were seen as pure and clean because of this view, their bodies were seen as temples which should not be adorned with jewellery. A woman should be reminded that marrying she gives up many advantages.A few artists such as William Holman Hunt and Augustus Leopold Egg and many more portrayed these Victorian values through narrative artwork and this essay is going to discuss a few of these artist’s paintings such as The Awakening Conscience and Past and Present. The role of women was to have children and tend to the house in contrast to men, according to the concept of Victorian masculinity. If they didn’t achieve this the their husbands would have mistr esses outside their marriage. Decorating the home and wearing fine dresses became a way for women to express themselves.Religion went through it's changes as Victorian's lost interest in God. [Patterson 2007 online] However, Great Revivals would sweep across the countries of the world changing the lives of many. The separate spheres framework holds that men possessed the capacity for reason, action, aggression, independence, and self-interest thus belonging to the public sphere. Women inhabited a separate, private sphere, one suitable for the so called inherent qualities of femininity: emotion, passivity, submission, dependence, and selflessness, all derived, it was claimed insistently, form women’s sexual and reproductive organization. Patterson 2007 online]In reality women held an important position as wives since they took care of the household, any servants, helped with their husband’s work, and managed the finances, however from the male’s point of view, wo men were nothing more than overly emotional and mindless creatures ruled by their sexuality Mary Wollstonecraft penned her anger at the unfair and unjust inequality that where imposed upon women by a vocal male majority in an attempt to redress this balance.A women's role in life in the nineteenth century was decidedly placed within a male context; both sexes were to be seen acting within different realms with the men occupying what was to be known as the public sphere whilst the women were to be found in the domestic sphere [Gordon Marsden 1955]. Perhaps this splitting of realms, within the working and lower middling classes at least, into their respective roles was by-product of increasing industrialisation and its resultant hazards such as long working hours and poor working conditions imposed upon the family unit.The majority of women did not have the option not to marry: it was simply a necessity for survival. Because society prevented women from making their own living, there was an inescapable dependence upon men’s income; Barred by law and custom from entering trades and professions by which they could support themselves, and restricted in the possession of property, woman had only one means of livelihood, that of marriage her [Gordon Marsden 1955].Therefore, no matter what the women desired, most were predestined to become wives due to their economic reliance on men. Secondly, to be even considered as a potential wife, women had to be not only virgins, but were expected to remain innocent and â€Å"free from any thought of love or sexuality† until after they had received a proposal The fallen woman was quite a theme for the Pre-Raphaelites. In this painting, The Awakening Conscience, we see a mistress rising from the seat of her lover, seemingly stricken with the realization of what her life has become.The Awakening Conscience, painted by William Holman Hunt, is filled with symbolism: a cat crouches under the table devouring a dead bird, the woman’s hands are adorned with rings on every finger except where a wedding ring would be, and on the floor we see unraveling wool. The model in this painting is Annie Miller, who Holman Hunt â€Å"rescued from obscurity†. He was engaged to her and launched a campaign to better her [Gordon Marsden 1955]. As a women, then ,the first thing of importance is to be content, to be inferior to men, inferior in mental power, in the same proportion that you are inferior in bodily strength.Ruskin's defence of the Awakening Conscience in his letter to the Times helps to subvert the idea of women being dependent upon men; he refers to the model repeatedly as the ‘poor' ‘lost' girl. He victimises her and renders her as virtually helpless as she ‘starts up with agony', her ‘eyes filled with tears of ancient days’. Ruskin attempts to address the composition's power and immediacy from which ‘there is not a single object in all the room– †¦ but it becomes tragically if rightly read’[Hollis,P 1979]. He concludes that Hunt’s work challenges its contemporaries and that ‘there will not be found one powerful as this to meet †¦ he moral evil of the age†¦ to waken the mercy the cruel thoughtlessness of youth, and to subdue the severalties of judgement into the sanctity of compassion[Rutherford online n. d]. Hunt’s the Awakening Conscience, in this context may be seen as a form of morality text. The work was a direct outgrowth of mid-Victorian society which believed that prostitution posed an inherent threat to the stability of the middle-classes as prostitution encompassed and symbolised the worries of a newly industrialised society which could lead to social instability and perhaps even to a complete social breakdown.It was believed that he slide into prostitution was the end of a more general moral breakdown in one's life which was believed to stem from the act of seduction, in 1 840. William Tait in Magdalism, defined a woman's seduction as an ‘act of corrupting tempting, or enticing females from a life of chastity, by money of false promises'. The 1850 Westminster Review wrote that ‘women's desires scarcely ever lead to their fall; for the desire scarcely exists in a definite form until they have fallen; it may therefore be seen that the ideal women becomes de-sexed in her search for moral virtue [Rutherford online n. ]. William Holman Hunt's The Awakening Conscience represents not only a contemporary life subject of a fallen Magdalene but can be loosely interpreted as an example of portraiture by Pointon's definition in which we can see that the woman became as symbolically objectified as her image. In contrast Augustus Leopold Egg’s painting, known as Past and Present Nos. 1–3, (1858), is a triptych in the genre of narrative painting. The subject is the ‘fallen woman’ and together the three paintings depict an entir e scenario from discovery and outcast to the moments before the woman’s final demise.One picture shows the children alone in the home; the other picture shows their mother living under the Adelphi Terrace arches in London. The paintings â€Å"illustrate the tensions in Victorian culture between morality and sexuality†. Egg's â€Å"moral narrative on social issues†[ Patterson 2007 online ] was successful in drawing public attention to the need to address gender roles and their consequences such as divorce. The sad woman in the third picture, most likely contemplating suicide, is a result of legislation that allows a man to divorce his wife without compensation for adultery [Patterson 2007 online].Prostitution, was legal during the Victorian era, seemed to embody the second of the two categories of women present in Victorian society: the first was the pure wife and mother, the angel in the house; the other was the depraved and sexually-crazed prostitute. â€Å"Pr ostitution was a product of middle-class society and only socialism, it was claimed ,could put an end to the evil†[Nead L 1988]. However because wives and mothers were not truly respected, my belief is that prostitution reflected what men really considered all women to be: whores for the gratification of their sexual desires.And indeed in Victorian England a large number of women were prostitutes: â€Å"In a society that forced women into a position of economic dependence upon men. In conclusion men’s and society’s consistent definition of women’s roles according to their separate spheres and the reproductive system can also be seen through what today we would consider the ‘weird’ sexual values of Victorians. The issue of adultery was also skewed to favour men. While a wife’s adultery was sufficient cause to end a marriage, a woman could divorce her husband only if his adultery had been compounded by another matrimonial offence, such a s cruelty or desertion.Referencing List: Branes Lucy. (2007). Narrative Painting? Egg's Triptych And The Art of Persuasion. Available: http://www. victorianweb. org/painting/egg/paintings/barnes2. html Last accessed 29 May 2012. Hollis P ( 1979). The women's movement. London: George Allen & Unwin. 6-15. John A (1986). Unequal Opportunities Women's Employment in England. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 45-261. Lewis J (1986). Women's Experience of Home and Family. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 123-249. Lynda Nead,1988,The Prostitution and Social Chaos,Blackwell Myths of sexuality Marsden,G (1995).Personalities and Perspectives in the Nineteenth Century Society. London: Longman. 3-11. Rutherford. A,A Dramatic Reading of Augustus Leopold Egg Untitled Triptych Available online http://www. tate. org. uk/research/tateresearch/tatepapers/07spring/rutherford. htm [accesses 22 March 2012] Sigsworth M,E (1988). In search of Victorian Values. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 89-100. Patterson,C. ( 2007). Men, Divorce And Custody. Available: http://menstuff. org/issues/byissue/divorcecustodygeneral. html Last accessed 29.

How does Elizabeth Bennet contradict the typical image of an 18th century woman? Essay

The 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate women of Jane Austens pages and of her times lived a gentle, provide and delicate animateness. The rules of conduct especi in exclusively(prenominal)(prenominal)y in relation to women were defined and strict. All women were expect to be courteous, decent, fragile, polite, refined, modest and respectable, relieve oneself redeeming(prenominal) instruction, impeccable politeness and completedive aspect accessible etiquette. Women were limited to re onlyy hardly a(prenominal) activities- mainly drawing, singing and dancing. They had to be fulfil in e very(prenominal) sense experience of the articulate. An elegant cleaning fair sex must have a thorough noesis of music, singing, drawing, dancing and the new-made languages to deserve the word and at any rate all this she must possess a legitimate something in her air and manner of whirl delegacying, the line of her voice, her address and expressions, or the word give be half d eserved. Such were the requirements that troupe asked of incessantlyy woman if she wanted to catch a place of her birth in the conglutination rat race.Elizabeth bennet, the twenty-year-old heroine of the myth surcharge and Prejudice and the second oldest of the bennet sisters, has all these qualities in her. tho she is superior to all the separate women that atomic number 18 presented to us in the novel. She is accomplished and beautiful nevertheless contrary different women, she does non coming into court-off at every opportunity. She is non a pseud or a snob a want Caroline Bingley, or ignorant, idle and deceitful like her youngest sister Lydia or tactless and insensitive like her own mother, who is the object of her husbands sarcasm. Elizabeth is the fast best-loved of her cause and has geted his menu, intelligence and independence. through and through Elizabeth, Jane Austen mocks the snobbery, hypocrisy and materialism of m both(prenominal) bulk li ke Caroline Bingley, gentlewoman Catherine, Mrs. white avens and Mr. Collins.Elizabeth is fully certain of the shortcomings of her mother and her junior sisters. She is ashamed at her mothers embarrassing lack of refinement and discretion, which atomic number 18 demonstrate commencement ceremonyly at the Netherfield wind when she compensates a premature public announcement that Jane Bennet is to draw Mr. Charles Bingley, and secondly, by her dictatorial treatment of Mr. Darcy, her social superior. Mrs. Bennets lack of good breeding, intelligence and sense of sense of humor is very evident. The solace of her life was visiting and news. She loved a good chide, which is rather regular of a woman- 18th cytosine or other extraneous. blither was a major pastime for women and we understructure see how fast information obtains some town. Mrs. Philips, the sister of Mrs. Bennet, provides her with the gossip close to Meryton. It was Mrs. Philips who advised Mrs. Bennet ab out Mr. Bingley buying Netherfield, the talk around Meryton about Lydias filth and Mr. Bingleys afford to Netherfield. however non all women indulged in gossip. We do not see Jane or Elizabeth interfering with other piles task. If it was to be a secret, place not another word on the subject. You may depend on my seeking no further. Their attitude differs from their mother. thusly again, it was a necessity for Mrs. Bennet to confirm tabs on everything going around because any information might help in race to get her five daughters wed off.We git see the importance of matrimony in the 18th coulomb intelligibly through Mrs. Bennet and Mrs. Lucas. Their main byplay is arranging for their daughters to be married to prolific husbands. This desire governs Mrs. Bennets life. The business of her life was to get her daughters married. The immoral behaviour of her youngest daughter Lydia is of no importance to her erst the wedding had been announced. Instead Mrs. Bennets imm ediate concern is the wedding garment which Lydia may buy after she is married. hitherto Mrs. Bennets desire to get her daughters married off as short as possible be base on economic facts since they would not inherit any money after their fathers death.Wealth was the main criteria for a successful and secure marriage and that was what Mrs. Bennet, like all other mothers, looked for in potential grooms. Love and happiness did not subject much or in fact, at all. As Elizabeths best conversance Charlotte Lucas put it Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. This was a very common attitude in the 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate. Charlotte accepts the proposal of Mr. Collins, a grandiloquent and foolish man even though she knows that the two of them are incompatible. However she is a practical and sensible person and she is aware of her poor financial state and of her age, at twenty-seven she was considered to be an old maiden over, and thus was prepared to marr y completely for the sake of money.This draws us that very fewer options were open to a woman in Charlottes position. She could either become a governess or a companion to a lady or just roost at home, reducing her younger sisters chances of be married. Jane Austen uses the make-up of Love and Marriage to show us how the whole of a womans life revolved around marriage. From the time she is natural, she is trained and tutored to be a perfect wife. She is thought how to sit, bag, walk, talk, eat, drink, dance, sing, draw, and customize in the believe of securing a good, blind drunk husband. Elizabeth Bennet is perfect in her manners, her expressions and her civility. But I find her very different from the conventional 18th degree centigrade woman because of her ideals on love and marriage. She has all the necessary qualifications of an eligible spinster but chooses not to marry for the sake of it.Elizabeth remarks, one(a) has got all the goodness, the other all the bear ing of it, referring to Wickham and Darcy. Here the difference amidst manner and reality is highlighted. The ease with which even snappy people like Elizabeth could be deceived by appearance was a real jeopardy in Jane Austens society, with all its emphasis on manners and breeding, and with its strict order of public behaviour. People like Wickham who could come well in public were judged on that rather than on their true graphemes. Elizabeths pride and her prejudice blind her to Wickhams faults and lead her to accept his slanderous depiction of Darcy..She is tolerable but not adult enough to tempt me is what Darcy said of Elizabeth at their first meeting. This hurt combined with the knowledge of Darcys hand in separating Jane and Bingley leaves Elizabeth with a strong dislike for Darcy. Therefore when Darcy proposes to her she is dazed and dismisses him to be the last man in the field I could be prevailed upon to marry. I ideate Elizabeths rejection of Darcys proposal a very undismayed thing to do because it would have been considered sacrilege, keeping in mind the importance disposed to money in the 18th century. She impresses both Darcy and the endorsers with her wit and liveliness. Darcy, while maintaining that Elizabeths manners are not those of the fashionable world, is nevertheless attracted to her temperament and an independence of mind.However by the end of the novel Elizabeth accepts that not all first impressions can be taken at face value. We can see the themes of Appearance versus Reality and self-realisation being brought out.Elizabeths independence of spirit is show by her decision to walk to Netherfield in order to visit her sister. It is looked upon as a monstrous thing that Elizabeth Bennet should walk three miles on a country road, and fell Bingley criticizes her exclaiming to walk three miles, or whatever it is, preceding(prenominal) her ankles in dirt, and alone, sort of alone It seems to me to show an abominable sort of conceited independence, a or so country-town indifference to decorum. She looked almost unrestrained This sneering remark of Caroline Bingley shows us the typical 18th century woman psychicity. Elizabeths behaviour is considered to be unorthodox and very unladylike since she walked, unescorted all the way from Meryton to Netherfield just to see her sick sister. This shows us that Elizabeth places her sister before any social rules of etiquette.Elizabeths tender record is demonstrated by her close alliance with her sr. sister Jane, whose sensitive and compassionate nature she admires. It has been suggested that Elizabeth and Janes relationship mirrors the close relationship the author had with her own sister Cassandra. However Jane is different from Elizabeth in her gentle nature, which is so pleasant and amiable that it is almost a failing due to her unquestioning borrowing of others. Elizabeth is more outspoken and prides herself to be a good judge of character.Her per ception does not accord her to be taken in by the superficial and two- faced Caroline Bingley and Mrs. Hurst who are proud and rich and make their superior social rank known. They are introduced as fine women with a trenchant air of fashion. To work to a family whose muckle was made in trade was to belong to an inferior class. It is ironic to see Miss Bingley and her sister criticizing Jane for having an uncle with trade connections, when their own good deal was gained through trade. In the 18th century society, Miss Bingley and her sister are called ladies as they fulfill all the requirements they have money, beaut and are accomplished. But as Elizabeth notes, with satire, that they were in every respect entitled to theorise well of themselves their subsequent behaviour, particularly with wish to the Bennets is far from ladylike. Jane Austen here reveals the theme of Appearance versus Reality again and alike shows us, through Miss Bingley behaviour, that manners are a bet ter indication of breeding than birth into an upper-class family.The character of Lady Catherine de Bourgh proves this point again. She is an overbearing, self-important, and controlling aristocrat who has a narrow-minded, unpleasant and selfish manner. She feels that her rank as a Lady gives her a dear to meddle in other peoples affairs. Everyone is in awe of her pretermit for Elizabeth, since she attaches little importance to rank for its own sake. Elizabeth stands up to her and senses that she must be the first person to ever have make so. This shows us that Elizabeth is not afraid to stand up for herself oddly when Lady Catherine attempts to stoop her not to marry Darcy. Elizabeths rebelliousness shocks Lady Catherine who makes her reasons for objecting to their marriage very clear. She says honour, decorum, prudence, nay, interest, prohibit it- all reasons which Darcy had declared that he had get the best when he proposed to Elizabeth at Hunsford.Elizabeths superior of love reflects her desire to find a husband who matches her in terms of character and taste. Elizabeths relationship with Darcy is beyond what any other couples share in the novel dress and Prejudice. The bond between Elizabeth and Darcy is rationally founded, based on first-class understanding and general similarity of trace and taste. Elizabeth likes Darcy for the fact that he has no airs about him and he is honest, frank and very similar to her in character. Darcy in return is impressed by Elizabeth physical and mental energy and by her sharp wit and her ability to laugh at fortuity and her optimism.Jane Austen uses Elizabeth as her mouthpiece when she says, I hope I never ridicule what is wise or good. Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies do divert me, I own, and I laugh at them whenever I can. Elizabeth is like Jane Austen in that she is shown to be arouse in the human character. Unlike other women of her times, Elizabeth has a good sense of humour and possesses the ability to laugh at herself. Austens sense of humour and intelligence allow her to show the reader the follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies, of her characters. The way Austen presents Lydia and Mrs. Bennet are a good compositors case of this. She does this without being unfair, as she laughs not at them but at what they do. Her use of irony and satire are more estimable she uses them to show meaning without telling the reader directly and to make fun of things, especially those with social importance and meaning. The tone of Pride and Prejudice is light, satirical and vivid.We can still, in spite of the vast differences between her 18th century society and our own 21st century society, recognize ourselves in the way her characters think and behave. We all know people as cleverly manipulative and outwardly affectionate as Miss Bingley as egocentric as Lady Catherine de Bourgh and as witching(a) but as lacking in principles as Wickham. We conceal ourselves with ar rogance like Darcy assume we understand more than we do like Elizabeth and revel in gossip Like Mrs. Bennet. And the very fact that Jane Austens characters are so relatable to makes the novel all the more readable. Her writing also appealed to me because of its simplicity. I do not mean to say that her work is easy to understand, but that she uses simplistic English.I found the character of Elizabeth to be very intricately designed for she has timeless appeal. She is by no means perfect but is by far the close at hand(predicate) to perfection among all the other women in the novel. Elizabeth is vivacious, teasing, sensitive, perceptive and filled with sparkling hit and wit. Her dialogues are full of intelligence and on the nose crafted often to convey subtle meanings. Elizabeth is Jane Austens best, most loved and certainly most popular creation. I must yield I think her as elegant a creature as ever appeared in print, wrote Austen of Elizabeth few readers have ever disagreed .Elizabeth Bennet contradicts the image of the typical 18th century woman who is born and brought up only with marriage in mind. She has a mind of her own and quite a sharp one at that. She captures and captivates not only Darcy but the readers as well. She has all the qualities in her that were desired in a perfect wife. But besides these she has a certain something in her that no other woman has. She is a woman far beyond her time and would not seem out of place in todays world, two centuries later. I think Jane Austen has really created a miraculous masterpiece, which will always survive the changing demands of literature.