Essay on Consciousness As Determined Th - 1030 Words

Consciousness is understood in a variety of ways. In one belief, a person is conscious when awake, but unconscious when sleeping or comatose. Yet people also do things requiring perception and thought unconsciously even when they are awake. A person can be conscious of their physical surroundings, pain and even a wish or fantasy. In short a creature is conscious if it is aware of itself and that it is a physical and emotional being. Consciousness is a psychological condition defined by the English philosopher John Locke as quot;the perception of what passes in a man’s own mindquot;.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Consciousness is defined and perceived differently in many psychological view points. For instance the earlier views around†¦show more content†¦They held that consciousness was involved with every working mental state. In this view the mind is transparent to itself that is, it can perceive it’s own activity. For three centuries self transparence was the defining feature of the mind. That conception was sprung through the theories of Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener who were advocates off a science of introspection. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Early in the 20th century the transparency doctrine came to a setback for three different reasons. The first reason was Sigmund Freud’s compelling evidence that some very important mental activity is not only subconscious but firmly resists conscious access through repression. At first Freud’s idea of unconscious was treated as self-contradictory, but it has since won acceptance as being useful and entirely possible. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;the second difficulty for the transparency doctrine was that it made the mind impossible for objective science. What is known introspectively to a single person would be utterly private and therefore can not be viewed scientifically. Scientific method demands objectivity and reportable data. The behaviorists John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner and the philosopher Gilbert Ryle rebelled against the idea of an inner sense and denied the very existence of consciousness in the strong sense exhibited by Locke, Descartes and the introspective psychologists.3 Ryle insisted that mind is an illusory concept and that it isShow MoreRelatedThe Human Computer : The Perception, Memories And Emotions That Make Up Human Consciousness973 Words   |  4 PagesThe human computer The thoughts , perceptions, memories and emotions that make up human consciousness. Cognition in widest definition encompasses all forms and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Reductionism attempts to explain the processes of living organism using physical laws usually applied to nonliving objects. 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Baby Boomers Free Essays

Alexi Seely Professor Beauchene English 102 4 December 2012 Argument Response Essay In the article Blue Collar Boomers Take Work Ethic to College Sander’s makes that argument that the baby boomers of our time are still eligible to work, and are very willing to try new ways of achieving the education to start different forms of work. Most of the baby boomer generation had gone straight to hard labor jobs to help bring home money for their families, and now that they are older the labor is straining on their bodies (Sanders 3). While they may be older, they are still capable of learning how to use new technology and expanding their minds (Sanders 27). We will write a custom essay sample on Baby Boomers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sanders discusses that college is no longer a place for young adults to attend once out of high school, but rather a place for anyone to receive high education in order to attain a job. Some of the older Americans are choosing to go back to college. Mr Hill says, â€Å"I want a job sitting down, at the computer, in the cubicle†¦after being out in the field for so many years, I would like a sit-down job. Mr. Hill had decided that after working in the cold for so long, he thought that he deserved to make good money while not doing much physical labor (Sanders 24). After being a part of a great things or helping their country, some of the baby boomers believed that they deserve to live a cushy life. To a different extent, older Americans have to continue college as a matter of necessity. In paragraph 30 Mr. Ronan states, â€Å"They do not have the luxury nor the interest in going back to college for two or three years, they need something quick†¦ † This statement tells readers that older Americans do not have the luxury to go back to college because unlike younger Americans, they have bills to pay. Some of the baby boomers are continuing college for a job because the hard labor of their old career has left their bodies withered (Sanders 3). However, just because their bodies are incapable of hard work, does not mean that their minds are. When these older students come to college, they bring their values with them. In today’s society, people believe that college is just something that mostly everyone must go to after high school as a part of their path in life; and some take it for granted. The older Americans, or baby boomers, did not have the opportunities to go to college like we do. To them, college is a wonderful experience to learn the things needed to go into their field of work or even just to further their own knowledge. Baby boomers realize the value of a good education and what it can bring for their careers (Sanders 31). They are simply merging their work ethic from hard labor jobs, to studying just as hard in the class room. Works  Cited Sanders, Libby. â€Å"Blue-Collar Boomers Take Work Ethic  to College. †Ã‚  Everything’s an Argument  5 (2010): 949-53. Web. How to cite Baby Boomers, Essay examples

Principles of Health Care Quality Improvement Clinical Governance Sys

Question: Discuss about thePrinciples of Health Care Quality Improvementfor Clinical Governance System. Answer: Task 1 The clinical governance system in my organization is continuously improving by rigorous risk management and by fostering an environment of excellent patient care. Accountability refers to the responsibility of the medical professionals to deliver quality health care to the patients. They are accountable to the boards and services for their human resource management professional conduct, human resource management and financial performance (2). According to Victorian Managed Insurance Authority, the risk management refers to identification and quantification of their impacts using a logistic approach within defined acceptable limits. The system is progressing to infiltrate all levels of the organization (3). Task 2 As per the news article (1) reported by H. Alexander, on February, 3, 2016, preventable errors have increased the number patients deaths in Australia. The error includes misdiagnoses, incorrect drug administration, retention of instruments post surgery requiring more operations and miscommunication in teams. The story did not contain sufficient details as the "The NSW Clinical Excellence Commission" declined to provide the detailed account of individual cases to maintain confidentiality. However, it has mentioned that the rate of errors has halved as per the data of 2014-5015. It also highlighted the fact that newly introduced anticoagulants in the market and poses risks. However, the story is fairly handled. Exposure of such adverse event will lead to increased efforts from health care organization to improve patient safety care. It will help clinicians to become more aware of their mistakes and improve the risk management strategies. Therefore, there should be more reporting of such adverse events. References Alexander H. NSW public hospitals record rise in medication errors, surgical errors, inpatient suicides [Internet]. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2016 [cited 29 August 2016]. Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/national/health/nsw-public-hospitals-record-rise-in-medication-errors-surgical-errors-inpatient-suicides-20160203-gmksyi.html Braithwaite J, Travaglia JF. An overview of clinical governance policies, practices and initiatives. Australian Health Review. 2008 Feb 1;32(1):10-22. Iedema RA, Mallock NA, Sorensen RJ, Manias E, Tuckett AG, Williams AF, Perrott BE, Brownhill SH, Piper DA, Hor S, Hegney DG. The National Open Disclosure Pilot: evaluation of a policy implementation initiative. Medical Journal of Australia. 2008 Apr 7;188(7):397.

The Life Of Ludwig Van Beethoven Essays - Ludwig Van Beethoven

The Life of Ludwig Van Beethoven The rise of Ludwig van Beethoven into the ranks of history's greatest composers was paralleled by and in some ways a consequence of his own personal tragedy and despair. Beginning in the late 1790's, the increasing buzzing and humming in his ears sent Beethoven into a panic, searching for a cure from doctor to doctor. By October 1802 he had written the Heiligenstadt Testament confessing the certainty of his growing deafness, his consequent despair, and suicidal considerations. Yet, despite the personal tragedy caused by the "infirmity in the one sense which ought to be more perfect in [him] than in others, a sense which [he] once possessed in the highest perfection, a perfection such as few in [his] profession enjoy," it also served as a motivating force in that it challenged him to try and conquer the fate that was handed him. He would not surrender to that "jealous demon, my wretched health" before proving to himself and the world the extent of his skill. Thus, faced with su!ch great impending loss, Beethoven, keeping faith in his art and ability, states in his Heiligenstadt Testament a promise of his greatness yet to be proven in the development of his heroic style. By about 1800, Beethoven was mastering the Viennese High-Classic style. Although the style had been first perfected by Mozart, Beethoven did extend it to some degree. He had unprecedently composed sonatas for the cello which in combination with the piano opened the era of the Classic-Romantic cello sonata. In addition, his sonatas for violin and piano became the cornerstone of the sonata duo repertory. His experimentation with additions to the standard forms likewise made it apparent that he had reached the limits of the high-Classic style. Having displayed the extended range of his piano writing he was also begining to forge a new voice for the violin. In 1800, Beethoven was additionally combining the sonata form with a full orchestra in his First Symphony, op. 2. In the arena of piano sonata, he had also gone beyond the three-movement design of Haydn and Mozart, applying sometimes the four-movement design reserved for symphonies and quartets through the addition of a minuet or scherzo. Having confidently proven the high-Classic phase of his sonata development with the "Grande Sonate," op. 22, Beethoven moved on to the fantasy sonata to allow himself freer expression. By 1802, he had evidently succeeded in mastering the high-Classic style within each of its major instrumental genres-the piano trio, string trio, string quartet and quintet, Classic piano concerto, duo sonata, piano sonata, and symphony. Having reached the end of the great Vienese tradition, he was then faced with either the unchallenging repetion of the tired style or going beyond it to new creations. At about the same time that Beethoven had exhausted the potentials of the high-Classic style, his increasing deafness landed him in a major cycle of depression, from which was to emerge his heroic period as exemplified in Symphony No. 3, op. 55 ("Eroica"). In Beethoven's Heiligenstadt Testament of October 1802, he reveals his malaise that was sending him to the edge of despair. He speaks of suicide in the same breath as a reluctance to die, expressing his helplessness against the inevitability of death. Having searched vainly for a cure, he seems to have lost all hope-"As the leaves of autumn fall and are withered-so likewise has my hope been blighted-I leave here-almost as I came- even the high courage-which often inspired me in the beautiful days of summer-has disappeared." There is somewhat of a parallel between his personal and professional life. He is at a dead end on both cases. There seems to be no more that he can do with the high-Classic style; his deafness seems poised inevitably to encumber and ultimately halt his musical career. However, despite it all, he reveals in the Testament a determination, though weak and exhausted, to carry on-"I would have ended my life-it was only my art that held me back. Ah, it seemed to me impossible to leave the world until I had brough forth all that I felt was within me. So I endured this wretched existence..." Realizing his own potential which he expressed earlier after the completion of the Second Symphony-"I am only a little satisfied with my previous works"-and in an 1801 letter-"I will seize Fate by the throat; it shall certainly not bend and crush me completely"- he decides to go on. At a time when Beethoven had reached the end of the musical challenge of the day, he also faced what seemed to him the end of hope in his

Biotechnology and seed supply Essays

Biotechnology and seed supply Essays Biotechnology and seed supply Essay Biotechnology and seed supply Essay Exploratory research was carried out and the empirical data presented here was gathered by a number of methods. Documentary material was analysed, such as: the societys rules; its website and members web forum; newsletters; annual reports; and its 2005-10 business plan. A site visit was carried out, with participant observation at the co-op as it traded. An informal interview was carried out with a staff member and also general discussions with other co-op staff on the site visit. The DFC was chosen as a case study because of its distinct character in the Irish context. It acts as a concentrated site of empirical evidence helping to ground recent theorisation in the field of food studies. Stake (1995) makes the argument that the unique case is not an appropriate basis for wider generalisation or for a theoretical inference of some kind but rather to capture cases in their uniqueness (p3). This makes the unique case more appropriate for showing how academic theorisation can translate into practice on the ground. The broad field of food studies has recently had an injection of complex and diverse theorisation on how food is now, and more ideally should be, delivered from producers to consumers. The newly emerging concept of food democracy, with food citizens its foundational and central actors, has particular relevance and cross-over with food co-operatives and the broad co-operative ideology. The need for consumer participation in food supply In relation to the alternative food movement, Hassanein (2003) identifies uncertainties regarding its sustainability and capacity to create meaningful change. Some alternative food activists take a stronger approach than others. A weaker example includes farmers markets. This initiative enables farmers to add value to their produce, which helps the farmer, but does not address other food system issues. The foundation of a stronger approach must involve the active participation of citizens in how their food is produced and supplied. People need to practice what is termed food democracy and: actively participate in the food system, rather than remaining passive spectators on the sidelines food democracy is about citizens having the power to determine agro-food policies and practices locally, regionally, nationally and globally (p79). Food democracys key difference to other approaches and academic theorisations is its pragmatism. Hassanein (2003) suggests other discussions have highlighted important issues with food supply, but question what definitions of, for example, a sustainable food system means in practice and asks what it means to equitably balance environmental soundness, economic viability, and social justice for all sectors of society? Therefore, Hassanein (2003) contends food democracy must play a central part of the effective transformation of the agro-food system. Food citizens are active in a food democracy, it is citizen led. The structure of the conventional food system does not facilitate consumer participation and also gives them little, if no, control. Control of food supply has been concentrated with a decreasing number of food manufacturers and retailers. There is also concentration of ownership with agro-chemical companies that supply important inputs for farming. These companies are also diversifying into biotechnology and seed supply. Lang (2004) discusses the role of the consumer in this supply dominated system, arguing it is rhetoric to suggest that the food supply chain is consumer led, rather it is more like a loop: food corporations have large budgets for advertising, which aims to create and manipulate demand, not serve it. The theory of food democracy aims to re-orientate control back to key stakeholders in the food system: consumers and producers. The food co-operative could be the key tool that helps theory meet practice. Co-ops, by their very nature, should be participatory and democratic. A participatory system in practice The theory of food democracy has been discussed, with the co-op as its ideal delivery vehicle. The DFC has been practicing a more democratic method of food supply for over 20 years. The DFC case shows how food democracy can be practiced and also some of the limitations that can arise. A system of representative democracy is employed to govern the co-op. A co-ordinating body (CB), composed of twelve members, is elected at the annual general meeting. The CB is the co-ops decision making body and is responsible for running the organisation in its members interest. Around ten staff members run the co-op from day to day, most on a part-time basis and are often recruited from its member base. Members are encouraged to voice their opinions on how the co-op should be run, so the CBs activities are in line with member concerns. The co-ops newsletter is one vehicle for discussion of issues and regularly calls for members to submit their views. The co-op recognises that vocal members voices can be heard more clearly than quieter members, but advocates that the co-op aims to remain in touch with all members views, representing the consensus and not the few (Co-op News 2006). All members are entitled to trade at the co-op and can also directly participate in running the organisation through volunteering. The DFC operates a help rota system where members can volunteer two hours of their time every five to seven weeks. All members receive a discount on the co-ops produce, but help rota volunteers receive a greater discount in return for their efforts. Food citizens are not model citizens when given the opportunity to participate. Maintaining a steady volunteer base on the help rota has become an issue for the co-op. It recently had to reduce volunteering intervals from seven to five weeks. This change affects members who already give up their time to volunteer, by having to volunteer more often. This potentially results in further deterioration of the spirit of volunteering within the co-op. Existing volunteers have to give up more of their time, while others volunteer none of theirs. In an attempt to promote the value of volunteering to new co-op members, one measure the co-op has adopted is re-introducing Failte; an orientation meeting for new members explaining their rights and responsibilities. Mobilising member participation is widely recognised as an issue for the co-operative sector and within food initiatives that attempt to involve consumers. DeLind (1999) highlights issues with moblising participation in community supported agriculture initiatives and suggests the issue is that we are dealing with individualised communities and not dealing with communitised individuals, with those who participate doing so for themselves, which she describes as a highly individual or personalised resistance a resistance primarily of consumers not of citizens (p8-9). However, beyond the issues with mobilising participation, it can also be argued that even introducing and promoting the concept of participation has significance. The co-op promotes member participation on an on-going basis. In the broad context of alternative food initiatives, Allen et al (2003) suggest: Participation may get people and communities to think about issues they may never have confronted or considered before, and to then become effective agents of agri-food system change (p73). Allen et al (2003) also suggest there are other unexpected benefits. These initiatives may be the seeds of social change important in consumers developing a critical consciousness in which people view food as more than a commodity and fuel for the body (p73). Alternative food practices can provide motivation to others, inspiring a wider movement of such practices (Hendrickson and Heffernan 2003).

Apollo 13

Apollo 13 Apollo 13 Apollo 13 is a film of year 1995 based on the ill fated Apollo13 lunar mission. The film is based on the book the lost moon by Jim Lovell and Jeffrey Kluger. The film was directed by Ron Howard. The film was a huge success as it was different from the common films released in those days and it was based on a true event during the space race. Story On July 20, 1969, astronaut Jim Lovell is at his home celebrating the Apollo 11 moon landing party. He tells his wife Marilyn that he wish if he could ever land on the moon after watching Neil Armstrong’s historic first step steps on the moon. Lovell was expecting that he will fly Apollo 14 but after some time he is given a VIP tour of Apollo 13’s massive Saturn v rocket is ready to be launched. Then Lovell is informed that he and his crew has been selected as prime crew of Apollo 13. after hearing the news, Lovell tells his family about his launch. Her wife was little tensed because it was not a journey on earth it was towards moon. Before launch Lovell is informed that Ken Mattingly is not coming on the mission with him, Lovell tries best to get him on the flight but he is unsuccessful in doing so. Ken is replaced by pilot Jack Swigert. Next day they are ready for the launch and finally they move on. After the launch the middle engine of Saturn v cuts off prematurely because of over heat but they enter into orbit without problem, after performing the burn which will send Apollo 13 to the moon, Swigert changes the Apollo command module odyssey to dock with the lunar module Aquarius. After three days of the mission, Swigert is asked to stir the cryogenic oxygen tanks, leading to explosion in service module. The crew got to know that there is problem with oxygen tank and they think to cancel their landing on the moon and shut down the odyssey and on up the Aquarius for saving their life. John Aaron on earth who is a flight controller specifically trained to deal with the electrical and commu nication system recruits the crew to restart odyssey but they shut down the odyssey and powers up Aquarius and are near moon, they see the moon near to them and Lovell gets depressed by this. As the crew has powered up the Aquarius, there is a problem again, to conserve power they have to shut down the Aquarius and stay in freezing cold. The environment gets scary in the crew and Swigert blame mission control centre for not letting them to find out the technical problem in the craft, but Haise blames the Swigert and calls him inexperienced. Argument arises between both but it is soon cleared by Lovell. Aquarius is meant for two people only but it has to mange the carbon dioxide thrown by three men. An engineering team assembles at radio station Houston and makes a crude method of removing poisonous gas and air cleaners to be used in

Patchwork Text Economic for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Patchwork Text Economic for Business - Essay Example neration: how Britain has bankrupted its youth’ (Howker and Malik, 2010) and also on youth unemployment factors across the world along with their potential causes and solutions. The book, ‘Jilted Generation: how Britain has bankrupted its youth’ (Howker and Malik, 2010) focuses on the young generation of UK and the way political and economic climate has rendered them jilted. The poor economic condition of the youth leads to weak economic development in future, where they would be unable to pay off debts, receive healthcare and pension benefits. The authors of the book claim that the young generation of UK has received little benefits from the external environment to grow and prosper. This includes low training and development, late start of career, low educational growth and higher dependency on parents. If jobs are not available, then the young generation shall not be able to pay off debts or invest in house and property. Lack of earning also demotivates them to pursue higher qualification. Large sections of the youth take up smaller part-time jobs to support themselves. Since the youth cannot afford to buy houses by themselves, due to the high rental rates, they prefer living with their parents. Therefore, they remain to be in the shade and care of their parents, which causes them to develop lack of self-sustaining abilities. The dependency factor has also led them to be less serious about education and growth. However, the young generation does not compromise on receiving the basic education that would provide them with jobs; however, owing to lack of experience, they are ignored by companies. In order to eradicate the problem of youth employment, the U.K. government had taken measures such as, ‘Mandatory Work Activity’ and ‘The Young People Trailblazer’. Under such programs, the youth received training from reputed companies like, Tesco, Primark and several street store organizations and the selected good performers were offered jobs in the

Devil's Tower National Monument Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Devil's Tower National Monument - Research Paper Example The Devil’s Tower National Monument is comprised of red rocks. The red colored stones are known as dark red sandstone and maroon siltstone. A thin layer of white gypsum is seen above the red spearfish rocks. Yellow sandstones as a result of Sundance formation, which are very delicate, can be seen on the vertical cliffs which surround the tower. A river runs under the feature. This landmark is made up of polygonal columns, which make up its striking features. The bigger columns narrow from the base 6-8 feet in diameter to about 4 feet at the pinnacle (Britton & Tamara, 4). This feature is located at Crook County, in north eastern Wyoming. It is situated in The United States of America. This attraction feature is a laccolith or ingenious intrusion in the black hills next to Hulett and Sundance. It is above the river known as Belle Fourche (Ludmer, 38). The Devil’s Tower has a fabulous significance to the plains tribes, which are more than twenty in native tribes. These tribes viewed this feature as a sacred zone (Britton & Tamara, 4). They used this section for sacred activities, including worship, rituals, and sacrifices. These native tribes have a sacred legend concerning the origin of this landmark. These native tribes have special names for this monument they include; bear’s tipi, bear’s lodge, bear’s house, bears peak, and bear’s lair among many more names.The most basic maps concerned with this area named this monument â€Å"bear lodge†. They named it after the terms the natives of the region were using. In 1875, Colonel Dodge guided a survey group to the black hills. The surveyors misunderstood the description given by the natives concerning this area. They translated it as â€Å"Bad God’s Tower†. Dodge reported this expedition area as the Devil’s Tower; this na me has stuck ever since (Gunderson, 66). Origin of the Tower The origin of this landmark has been a debatable issue among geologists from time immemorial since its discovery. Geologists believe that this tower was formed by intrinsic intrusion activities. They believe that this attraction was formed by the forced entry of magma amid various rocks. The debatable issue is how the formation process happened and if the magma reached the surface of the earth region. Geologists have estimated the age of this amazing monument to be more than 50 million years. The work of erosion led to the visibility of this Tower. Before the action of erosion, this monument could not be seen above the sedimentary rocks covering it (Monroe, James, and Reed, 102). Erosion action, mostly water resulted into wearing off of the fine grained sandstones and gray- green shales on top of and in the region of the geologic feature. The tough igneous rock layers of this landmark resisted the action of erosion, result ing into gray columns above the surrounding scenery. Rain and snow continually erode the sedimentary rocks around the base of the monument. The debris is then carried by the Belle Fourche River to other locations. This eroding activity results into further exposition of the Devil’s Tower National Monument

Book Review on Fat Girl Essay Example for Free

Book Review on Fat Girl Essay Book Review Obesity is an upcoming and extremely prevalent phenomenon in America today. Author, Judith Moore of the book â€Å"Fat Girl† discusses some of the issues fat girls face. Her book is less about every stereo-typed fat girl and more about her story individually. Judith Moore chooses to take a different route, instead of complaining continuously about being fat, she explains in depth why she believes she is fat. She is not lazy; she expresses her knowledge of diets and her experiences of strenuous work outs but ends with little to no results. My flesh resists loss. My fat holds on for dear life, holds on under my bratwurst arms and between my clabber thighs. Food is a fuel, but to some food may be a pain reliever. For Judith, she had to face an unhappy family life early on. Judith had always been a fat girl and her father a fat man weighing close to 300 pounds. Her family was secluded and each individual only cared for themselves. Clearly her family was an unhappy one; they used food as source of pleasure and hoped it would cure the pain. At the age of four, Judith’s parents divorced. After the divorce, Judith was shipped back and forth between her mom’s mother’s farm and her mom’s apartment in Brooklyn. These trips back and forth only created more emotional scaring for Judith. Her Grandmother had a strong hatred for her father, and being that Judith was a spitting image of him, she received the backlash. Grandma fed Judiths needs literally and figuratively speaking. Each time she visited her Grandmothers farm she was fed extremely fattening comfort foods, and with that she grew larger. Her Grandmother would make comments over how large she was and how she was growing, breaking her down each time. This led to Judith’s reach for food to fill the hole created by her dysfunctional family. The love of food steamed from her unloving family. Her continuous pattern of eating to fulfill an emotional need led to Judith’s weight gain. Judith proceeds to explain more emotional traumatizing events in her life that are male influenced. She discloses information that a man once told her she was too fat to get in bed with, and her experience of being manipulated into giving oral head to a man who she thought was a kind person, while his friends watched and laughed. Not once throughout her book did Judith play the victim for being fat. Because Judith proceeds to tell the readers events in her life and why they make her who she is today, this book consider would be considered an autobiography. The book gives another perspective on another persons’ life. Judith’s obvious intention for this book was not to complain about being fat, but to state the events of her life that made her who she is. She did not stereo-type every fat girl, she simply told her story and ways other fat girls could relate. This autobiography presents an issue of correlation with our society and obesity. It suggests that obesity can come from emotional pain or distress. I would suggest this book to my friends, it explains that everyone has a story of why they are the way they are.

The Race to Understanding and Manipulating DNA :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Early 1953. Three labs, two in England and one in California, raced to discover the structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid. At Cal Tech in Pasadena, California, Linus Pauling had recently discovered the alpha-helix. Now he was turning his attention to DNA. At King's College in the University of London, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, although hampered by their inability to get along with one another, had taken actual pictures of DNA using x-rays and were hot on the trail. The most unlikely pair in the race, a 24-year-old American biologist and a 36-year-old English physicist, were also close to identifying the elusive molecule, although they were forbidden from directly working on it. And so the race intensified for the secret of life itself. Get Ready, Get Set... Mendel and Pea Plants The events leading up to this race actually began with an Austrian monk named Johann Gregor Mendel. Although in reality Mendel wanted to be a high school teacher, he failed the mandatory examination three times and decided to become a monk to pursue his studies in the peace of a monastery (Asimov, Genes 11). Interested in the inheritance of characteristics, he began working with pea plants in 1857. He crossed true-bred plants and then their offspring and recorded the results. From these results he established general rules or laws for inheritance. He worked for eight years and with over ten thousand different plants (Arnold 20). Looking for a sponsor for his work, Mendel sent his paper to noted botanist Wilhelm von Nageli. Nageli sent it back after barely glancing at it (Nageli died in 1891 and would be remembered, not for his own vast scientific work, but for his failure to pay attention to Mendel) (Asimov, Genes 19-20). Mendel finally did publish his results in the magazine of the National History Society of Brunn in 1866 (Arnold 7). Other botanists paid little or no attention to his work, and his ideas about inheritance became lost for thirty-four years. Mendel became the abbot of his monastery in 1868 and was too busy and discouraged to continue his experiments. He died in 1884, never knowing that he would be touted as the "father of modern genetics." The Early Work on DNA In 1869, just after Mendel had quit working with plants, a 25-year-old Swiss chemist, Johann Friedrich Miescher, discovered a substance called nuclein inside cells. This substance was later found to be attached to a protein which was named "histone" from the Greek word meaning "cell.

A close evaluation of the Character and actions of Lady Macbeth Essay

This is an evaluation of Lady Macbeth, in this I aim to cover some points about her character and actions throughout her existing part in the literature. Firstly we can see that she has big plans for Macbeth to kill Duncan in order for him to become king of Scotland, the way she tries to tempt him is also interesting, with such a lines as â€Å"look like th’ innocent flower, but serpent under’t† Which is basically saying that he must act all innocent but is actually going to kill Duncan, this shows how she is cunning, and plotting treason for her husband and herself. Then we come to her encouraging him to kill Duncan, she does this by attacking his manhood, by claiming he is a coward this can be seen in a quote such as â€Å"and live a coward in thine own esteem, letting ‘I dare not’ wait upon ‘I would’ like the poor cat i’ th’ adage?† This is just Lady Macbeth telling Macbeth that he is a coward and is afraid of his own self, which Macbeth is quite enraged about and decides to follow through with the plan and kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth then takes it upon her self to apply pressure on Macbeth to kill Duncan. This can be seen by her use of persuasive language to convince him that everything will go according to plan. † What not put upon his spongy officers, who shall bear the guilt of our great quell?† This is Lady Macbeth reassuring Macbeth at the fact that they can frame, quite easily, the chamberlains of Duncan. This is show’s her unquenchable thirst for Macbeth to become king is emerging strongly. She then helps to plan their reaction the morning after the brutal elimination of Duncan and how they can pass the blame onto the guards. The quote â€Å"Who dares receive it other, as we shall make our griefs and clamour roar upon his death?† These words are Lady Macbeth saying, â€Å"Who would dare to think otherwise about the guards killing Duncan, when we make it look as if we had no idea about it and act so shocked on the discovery of his body that we make a big fuss about it ?† However, all of the above may seem like she is in control, but she doesn’t actually carry out the murder, this could be for a few reasons, these are: If the murder went wrong it would be Macbeth how would be directly guilty and so leave her in the clear, she could have also been scared to do it for the simple fact that she wouldn’t be able to (mentally). She may not want to get involved because if Macbeth’s mental state and grip on reality slipped, then she would go down with him if she got involved so she would have to keep a strong head for both of them. These reasons can reflect many of her personalities such as being quite selfish and letting Macbeth get caught for the murder if it went wrong, but it also shows that she knows if she does it that she may start losing her grip upon reality, this makes it clear that she has awareness of her capabilities in respects to murder. After the murder of Duncan, Macduff discovers that Duncan is dead and has been murdered, Macbeth responds to this in a manner of rage and shock and then proceeds to slay the two chamberlains that Macbeth covered in Duncan’s blood and their daggers after the murder. He does this perhaps out of rage or possibly for cover to hide his conspiracy with is wife, perhaps to make her pleased that he can think on the spot. This however leads to Lady Macbeth fainting, whether this is due to the fact that she is also covering up her involvement with the murder, or sheer shock from hearing that Macbeth has killed the two chamberlains. Either way it means she is already trying to wash her hands from the murder. But it does appear to work, as they are concerned for her health rather than her participation to the murder. Also just before Macduff may have the chance to question her she cries for help, this once again shows of her quick thinking and cover of her part in the murder. In conclusion Lady Macbeth is one of the most controversial characters. She can be viewed, as a woman of strong will who is ambitious for herself and who is perceptive enough to recognise her husband’s strengths and weaknesses, and callous enough to exploit them. We see her in her commitment to evil and in her realisation that the acquirement of the Kingship of her husband has not brought her the happiness she had aspired for, and finally, as one who breaks down under the anxiety of the murder. Others see her as a woman ambitious for her husband whom she loves. She recognises the essential good in him, and feels that, without her, he will never win the Crown. She allies herself with the powers of darkness for his sake, but her congenital femininity breaks down under the strain of the unnatural murder of Duncan and the alienation of her husband. She is seen as simple and realistic where Macbeth is complicated and imaginative. She can see what must be done as he visualises the consequence.

A Proposed Computerized Payroll System Essay

Chapter I INTRODUCTION Electricity is a naturally occurring force that exists everywhere and it is used to power many things that are used in our everyday life. Without electricity, people’s lives would be very different and in many cases more difficult. There are many ways to generate electricity; one way in producing electricity is the use of solar cells. Solar cells or photovoltaic cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and designed to convert light energy into electrical energy by the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic effect is the basic physical process through which a solar cell converts light into electricity. Light is one of the most abundant forms of energies and by using this energy in a proper way an eco-friendly form of energy can be produced. When light energy strikes, it absorbs photons of light and releases electrons these free electrons then forms an electric current that can be used to power a load. According to The World Factbook, the world has over 5 billion mob ile phone users. In the Philippines alone, there are 92,227,000 mobile cellular telephone subscribers, placing the country in the 11th position of most number of mobile phone users in the year 2010. This fact shows that mobile phones are essential therefore the batteries are needed to be charged and one way to charge it, is through solar energy. For its commercial purpose, the solar powered mobile phone charger is designed to have a coin timer that will recognize the coin to activate the timer and the mobile phone charger. The time that it will take for the mobile phone to charge depends on the amount of money that will be inserted in the device. Through this, the materials used for the machine, like the solar calls, will be recovered. The convenience of the machine lies in its capability to be installed either indoor or outdoor locations as long as there is light that can be absorbed by the photovoltaic cells. Background of the Study From the survey given randomly to some students and employee’s most of them frequently use†¦. try dn to.. From the survey that was gathered, most people frequently usetheir mobile phones and sometimes forget to charge their phones at home; such causes them to run out of battery charge when they need  to use it outside, especially in emergency purposes. The places where they need to charge their phones the most in case of emergency are schools, hospital, mall, offices, bus stations and other terminals. For the past years, a mobile phone charger coin-operated machine already exists in the Philippines and this was stated from the article of Rey Gamboa from Philippine Star. However, this machine is usually available on public and indoor places like Ministop and 7-eleven and are powered by power grids. Therefore, the proposed design is a mobile phone charger vending machine that uses solar cells to produce electricity that will power the device without the need for outlet plugging(the power in the outlet†¦ try to†¦ ). It can be used on both indoors and outdoors as long as light is available.It may also payback the expense of the material used and the good thing is that the time span of a solar cell is about 30 years according to the studies done in 2007 by International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management. It may also payback the expenses for the materials used in having solar cells and it has a time span of more than thirty years according to the studies of the International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management in the year of 2007. trydn†¦ Statement of the Problem This project study dealt in the development of using free energy caused by light that produces electricity for the mobile phone charger. This form of transforming energy will help lessen the environmental problem such as pollution, global warming, acid rain or smog.At the same time, it paybacks the causeof the solar cells itself by using it as a solar powered mobile phone chargervending machine. The study specifically aims to answer the following questions: 1. What type and how many solar cells are needed to produce electricity that is enough to power the mobile phone charger vending machine? 2. How to design the power supply circuit necessary to power the mobile phone charger vending machine? 3. What is the position and alignment of the solar cells and also the time in which it can produce electricity efficiently? 4. How to design and develop the mobile phone charger circuit that can accommodate 2 units of mobile phones? 5. Howlong is the payback time in using solar cells to power t he mobile phone charger vending machine? Objectives of the Study The researchers’ main objective is to design and develop a solar powered mobile phone charger vending machinethat can maximize the profit of the investors that operates it. This means that this device can be installed in any areas as long as the solar cells can be exposed to sunlight which will eliminate the need of an outlet.In order to address the main objective, the following also need to be achieved: 1. To determine the type and number of solar cells needed to produce electricity that is enough to power the mobile phone charger vending machine. 2. To design the power supply circuit necessary to power the mobile phone charger vending machine. 3. To determine the position and alignment of the solar cells and also the time in which it can produce electricity efficiently. 4. To design and develop the mobile phone charger circuit that can accommodate 2 units of mobile phone. 5. To determine thepayback time in using solar cells to power the mobile phone charger vending machine. Significance of the Study People who are using mobile phones frequently are the main recipients of the benefits in this study. The need of people to charge their mobile phone because of work, emergency, or any other condition will lead them to find a mobile phone charging station. Hence, a mobile phone charging station that is powered by light energy will be a good way to harness energy from light efficiently and productively. For the environment, the device uses only the photons of light to produce electricity which means that it doesn’t need to be plugged into a power source. It can also be used inside anenclosed area where there is artificial light like bulbs or fluorescent light. However, for higher gain of electricity and efficiency it is recommended to harness sunlight’s energy because it is brighter than any other artificial light that is common in commercial and public areas. For the investors, after the device is produced, it in itself will produce electricity for it to work. Consequently,the device doesn’t need intensive maintenance, and the cost of maintenance will be less. For the future researchers, energy sources has so many forms; the way of harnessing it to its’ full potential is the only difference. This device is an example of harnessing light energy in a way that will help the producer, consumer and environment. This will help future researchers to think of topics that will not only benefit one party, but all  those who are going be involved or affected by their proposed project. For the researcher, this device is another innovation in the field of harnessing solar energy. This simply shows that solar energy can be used as an alternative source of energy in many ways. Scope and Limitations of the Study The researchers’ main concern is to design a solar powered mobile phone charger vending machine that is efficient on harnessing solar energy and can convert it to electrical energy to charge mobile phones. The device must be economically sound in a way that when it has achieved its payback period, the only thing that must be put into concern is the cost of maintenance. Since solar cells are easy to maintain, the maintenance cost is not high. The devices’ main part is the power supply that will act as the source of electricity for the device. Solar cells effective life span is 25-30 years, which makes it a very good alternative source of energy for the device to work. To design the devices’ main part, the position and slope of the solar cells must be considered depending on the location where it will be installed so that the solar cells can produce the maximum amount of electricity. This is because the amount of electricity that a solar cell can produce depends on the intensity of sunlight that is being absorbed within the semiconductor material. The number of solar cells must also be enough to produce electricity that is needed to power the device. The rated total power output of all the solar cells must also be sufficient for the mobile phone vending machine. It must also be placed on top of a roof or any high position so that shadowing, vandalism and stealing can be prevented. A battery will serve as a storage device so that the electricity that will be generated by the solar cells will be stored whenever it is not in use and the electricity that will charge the mobile phones will be constant and not fluctuate. The power supply circuit will regulate the voltage and current to its rated value that the mobile phone charger vending machine needs. The devices’ second main part is the mobile phone charger vending machine. This is composed of a mechanism that recognizes the coin that is inserted and starts the process of charging the mobile phone and also the timer. It recognizes the diameter, thickness and weight of the coin so that it can distinguish the value of the coin. The timer is programmed to start whenever a coin is inserted and it depends on the value of the coin that is inserted  on how many minutes the timer will countdown. At the same time, the charger will start charging the mobile phone until the timer ends the countdown. The devices’ third main part is the mobile phone charger circuit. This charger can charge multiple mobile phones at the same time. It is composed of different plug-ins that is commonly used for the user to choose of the plug-in that fits in his/her mobile phone. It is operated by the timer so when the timer starts to countdown, it starts to get electricity from the power supply. Theamount of voltage and current output that is needed to charge the mobile phones is suitable for nearly all brands of mobile phones. Limitations of the study The device is subjected to the following limitations: 1. In outdoors, the device only operates during daytime, approximately 6:30am – 5:30pm depending on the location as long as sunlight is available. 2. It can also be used inside a mall or commercial area that has artificial lighting system,however the amount of electricity that the solar cell can produce is not as high compared to what sunlightcan produce. 3. The plug-in that will be used to charge the mobile phones are those of Nokia. 4. Since the device only recognizes 1Php and 5Php, it can only be used in the Philippines. 5. It cannot be used outdoors when sunlight is not present specifically during rainy days or in cases when the clouds are very gloomy. 6. It cannot be used outdoors when there is a natural catastrophe or disaster. 7. The researchers will not consider the charging time of the Deep cycle battery. 8. The researcher will not consider if the mobile phone user doesn’t ends the countdown of charging his/her mobile phone.

Antonio is Alienated essays

Antonio is Alienated essays I believe that in the novel Bless Me, Ultima Antonio is an alienated individual. He doesnt seem to act like any of the other kids his age and has been through so much more then they have. For example, Antonio is torn between making his mother happy and becoming a priest, or making his father happy and becoming a cowboy type figure. He also has experienced a lot of death in his life to people he cared deeply about. I believe that Antonio is alienated because he has the mind of an adult, he is the only one who can talk to Ultima, and he can see the future. Oddly, Antonio is the only one who understands Ultima. For example, in the beginning of the book Antonio shook Ultimas hand and he could sense the power of a whirlwind pass through him. Also, Ultima declares that only she will know what the future holds for Antonio. In the novel I noticed that Ultima rarely talks to anyone except for Antonio, he probably possesses something that no one else has. Sometimes Antonio and Ultima would work out in the garden and talk about what is going on in Antonios life. This makes me think that Antonio has some sort of special powers like Ultima if they understand each other so well. Throughout the book, Antonio has many dreams and some of his dreams tell about things that happen in the future. His dreams often foreshadow into whats going to happen in the next chapter. For instance, Antonio dreams of his brothers returning home from the war and the next day his brothers came home. Antonio also dreams that the owl flies the Virgin of Guadeloupe and all the babes of Limbo go to heaven. This power that he possesses is not human like and is considered abnormal. For some reason Antonio could see the golden carp even though he was mature mentally. Only kids are supposes to be able to see the golden carp. Childrens minds still believe in things such as the golden carp, so Antonio has ...

Management of Software Projects -2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management of Software Projects -2 - Essay Example Moreover, the project management standards utilize themes, tools and techniques for managing and monitoring of the projects, the document contains a discussion and comparison of these tools and techniques. In the end, the document recommends the project management standard for appraising, planning and executing successful projects in the organization. Introduction The Project Management Institute (PMI) provides a well recognized project management standard known as Project Management Professionals (PMP). The project managers usually get a certification of PMP for learning the ethical behaviour with the project team and knowing responsibilities for taking informed decisions regarding the project. The PMP provides a set of five (5) processes, nine (9) knowledge areas along with a code of ethics for managing a project successfully. The five (5) processes include: the initiation, planning, executing, monitoring and control, and project closure. It is required for the project manager to f ollow the prescribed processes of the PMP (as per the policy of the organization) by managing the project activities from the project appraisal (initiation) till project closure. The PMP enhances the skills of the project manager to make decisions, providing directions to the project team and executing projects in a professional manner. ... The project manager is responsible for allocating the resources (hardware, human, financial) and managing the project scheduling. The project manager would be responsible to manage the scope of the project (scope management). The PMP recommends the project manager to respect others and establishing a close working relationship with the team members by effective communication (Project Management Institute Inc., 2004). PRINCE2 (Project IN Controlled Environment) is a project management standard used in more than 150 countries for successfully managing a project. PRINCE2 consists of a several themes, set of principals, and a project management lifecycle. There are seven (7) themes of the PRINCE2 include: Risk, Change, Progress, Business Case, Organization, Quality and Plans. These themes of the PRINCE2 explain the significant project management aspects which need to be managed and handled during the execution of the project lifecycle. In PRINCE2 a plan is not just about the cost managem ent, schedule management and resources management, however, plans are set of documents explaining what to be achieved, how to be achieved and when to be achieved by whom the goals of a project. The PRINCE2 utilizes product planning technique for creating diverse types of plans. The product-based planning is used by the PRINCE2 which is one of the most powerful techniques for project managers to manage a project. The PRINCE2 recommends and uses different levels of the plan involve diverse human resources for managing the project successfully. These plans include: the project plan, stage plan(s) and team plan(s). As the PRINCE2 utilizes product-based planning having seven steps for creating or developing plans include:

Research Paper Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Paper - Article Example Congress’ objectives are largely represented by policies and legislation, but most of them are implemented by the public sector where the public manager belongs. Therefore, members of this provision are implementers of decisions or ideas envisioned by law makers; they are instruments of reform and progress in the sector. The legislative arm of the government has the desire to make public administration systems more effective and efficient. It is for this reason that it may introduce policies and laws designed to achieve this goal. Currently, new public reform, based on neoliberalism or market economies has been implemented in the US and several other European countries with varied reactions. In the US, managers in the public sector are expected to cut down on bureaucratic coordination and instead adopt market competition or coordination as they carry out their duties. Most elected representatives aim at minimizing government expenditure, and a number of them believe that the reform movement of the day (neoliberalism) can help them achieve this. Therefore, Congress’s convictions and aims affect how public managers carry out their work as they are expected to share these objectives, as well. Provision of quality public services is seen as something desirable by the legislative arm and the public manager’s job is how these abstract ideas can be actualized (Pollitt & Bouckaert, 2000). In essence, some advocates in the legislature believe that reduction in government growth is a positive attribute as this allows it to work within its financial limits. Public managers are in charge of actual spending within various federal agencies, so they are expected to make reasonable discretions when doing their work. The neoliberal reform movement currently implies a move towards privatization rather than too much dependence on

Individual Strategic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Individual Strategic Plan - Essay Example Strategic planning is a continuous process which is aimed at evaluating the manner in which the firm carries out its various business activities and incorporate changes in them from time to time according to the needs and demands of the market. It could be defined as the process by which organizations and firms can envision their future and develop appropriate plans and policies to reach their final goals by taking into consideration the various internal as well as external factors and by utilizing the resources available to them. A successful strategy, often leads to creation of a model philosophy, which could be implemented in its business activities and becomes an inevitable part of the organizational culture. It helps the organization in identifying its long term objectives, and devise action programs accordingly to address the various issues identified by it, prioritize those issues and proceed to achieve a sustainable business development through implementation of managerial po licies after taking into consideration such factors as the various strengths and weaknesses of the organization, intended economic contribution to be made to its stakeholders, and considering appropriate investment options in order to achieve a competitive advantage over the other major players in the industry. attempts to achieve a long term sustainable advantage in each of its businesses by responding properly to the opportunities and threats in the firm’s environment and the strengths and weaknesses of the organization; In order to develop a competitive strategic policy the organization should ascertain whether the policy defined addresses all the relevant issues that it might have to face in the future, the expected change in the overall business environment in the next decade, whether the strategic plan takes into consideration the

The Use of Isotopes in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Use of Isotopes in Medicine - Essay Example Majority of the chemical elements that exist on earth have multiple isotopes (Gagne, Leonard and Rivard, 2012). However, it is only that a single isotope gains dominance due to its abundant nature than the rest. Mostly, atoms are defined using their mass numbers (protons + neutrons) and this number is added to their chemical symbol as a subscript. Atom stability of the nucleus depends greatly on the protons to neutrons ratio. Isotopes have two classifications: the stable ones which do not change with time and the ones that possess a ratio that makes them unstable allowing them to change their mass numbers (Ling, et al, 2012). Stable isotopes have a constant concentration in the environment, though their distribution keeps on changing depending on the environmental preferences. Unstable isotopes decay with time through a process called radio-activity and assume different states. For instance, over a period of time it has been found that carbon – 14 decays into carbon – 1 2. Bonfils, et al., (2012) explains that some isotopes are more active than others and are more likely to decay faster than others until they attain stability. Fortunately, this rate of decay can be predicted or even measured hence can be used age determination. Used In Diagnosis Isotopes, especially radio-isotopes are widely being used in medicine to carry out nuclear examinations. Nuclear medicine is a scientific branch in medicine that employs the use of radiations to provide more information to the human body’s organic functioning or disease treatment (Jodal, Le Loirec & Champion, 2012). Through this information collected a proper and accurate diagnosis is given regarding a patient’s illness. Diagnostic techniques in most cases use tracers which are radioactive in nature for the body to release gamma rays. These tracers are short-lived but are judged with the role of checking particular physiological processes. The tracers can be administered orally or through inje ctions after which a camera is used to detect them. Gagne, Leonard, and Rivard (2012) assert that through the radiations being caused by the tracers, a doctor can examine the image produced by the camera and identify where the exact problem lies. Let us have a look at the PET scan where a radionuclide is injected into a body of a patient and concentrated in the tissue targeted (Jodal, Le Loirec & Champion, 2012). As the radionuclide decays, it emits positrons whose combination with electrons gives gamma rays emission that can be identified easily. Through the PET camera, their original direction can be studied and the affected organ be identified. The most commonly used isotopes in this study are fluoride- 18 which is used as an oncology tracer. It is the most effective method used in cancer examinations as well as heart and brain cell examinations. These scans have improved the diagnosis by almost 30%, providing critical information regarding the various types of diseases (Ling, et al., 2012). They can also be used to detect malfunction of organs through the speed of isotope movement. Use of Isotopes in Radionuclide Therapy (RNT) This is the art of controlling or even getting rid of the cancer tumor by using radionuclide radiations (Rana, et al, 2012). The tumor is irradiated through a process known as teletherapy, which is performed by emitting a beam of gamma rays from a radioactive source called cobalt-60. However, the

Kautilya Also Known As Chanakya

Kautilya Also Known As Chanakya 1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta was the key advisor to and the genius behind the strategy undertaken by the king Chandra Gupta Maurya (317-293 B.C.) who stopped the advance of Alexander the Greats successors and introduced the Golden Age of India.  [2]  The Mauryan kingdom united and amalgamated the Indian sub-continent into a single entity for the first time, thus creating Indian nationhood. The Mauryan Empire extended from the Persian border in the West to Burma in the East covered most of peninsular India. The empire lasted 150 years until about 180 BC, after which the empire dissociated into several fragments. Kautilya was the chancellor to Chandra Gupta Maurya and he composed the Arthashastra to counsel a ruler on how to defeat ones enemies and rule for the general good. The Arthashastra was very influential in ancient India up to the 12th century AD, when it faded from the public eye. The text, however, reappeared in 1904 and was published in English in 1 915.  [3]   2. He was a great thinker who could write a definitive treatise on economics and government at a time when large parts of the world was steeped in intellectual darkness. All sources of Indian tradition Brahmanical , Buddist and jain-agree that Kautilya (also refer to as Vishnugupta in a stanza included at the end of the work) destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandra Gupta Maurya in the throne of Magadha. The name Kautilya denotes that he is of the Kutila gotra ; Chanakya shows him to be the son of Chanaka and Vishnugupta was his personal name.While it is known that Kautilaya destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandragupta Maurya on the throne of Magadh. Not much is known about his early life except that he had a score to settle with the Nanda king and he had vowed to destroy the Nanda dynasty. He found Chandragupta and took him to Taxila and gave him an education fit for a future king. Together, Kautilya and Chandragupta set about attacking the Nanda kingdom. The rev olt misfired and Chandragupta and Kautilya fled the scene to save themselves and during this escapade Chandragupta and Kautilya was hiding himself in an old womans dwelling. He overheard her rebuking her child saying you are just like Chandragupta! Because he had got his fingers burnt by starting to eat from centre of hot dish. The Duo learnt their lessons and changed their tactics and began conquest from frontiers and finally Chandragupta was installed as the King of Magadh  [4]  . Kautilya then retired from active life and reflected on all that he had learnt during the process of overthrowing Dhana-Nanda. Since he found the earlier works on statecraft unsatisfactory in many respects, he composed his own definitive work presenting his ideas concerning the ways in which a ruler should gain power and maintain his authority. He was way ahead of his times in his thinking and covered every conceivable aspect on the art of politics and warfare, which could be imagined at the time he lived. For Kautilya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. How to form alliances, how to organise and administer them, how to attack a powerful king, how to deal with revolts in rear, what tricks to play on gullible people- there is plenty of evidence in the text to indicate that the author was giving real life answers to every conceivable hypothetical situation. 3. Army has been regarded from the beginning as one of the necessary instruments for the maintenance of a state. Kings, not only in India but throughout the ancient world, maintained well organised and well prepared armies both for the defence and expansion of their kingdoms. History is full of instances that whenever any ruler or state neglected the maintenance of their armies, failures in the form of loss of sovereignty or territory have occurred. Arthashastra is the science, which is the means of the acquisition and protection of Earth. Arthashastra could be regarded as the study of the general well being on earth. And since the state can make this well being possible, the protection of Earth and its acquisition which are an essential part of state activity are declared to be province of this shastra. Kautilyas Arthashastra does not take any religious aspect into account. It deals with the various subjects directly and with accuracy. The Arthashastra contains 5363 Sutras, 15 books , 150 chapters, and 180 Sections. The 15 Books contained in the Arthashastra can be classified in the following manner: (a) Book 1 deals with Fundamentals of Management. (b) Book 2 deals with Economics. (c) Books 3, 4 and 5 describe Law. (d) Books 6, 7, 8 talks about Foreign Policies. (e) Books 9 to 14 look into the subject of War. (f) The 15th book describe the methodology used in writing the Arthashastra. 4. The topic of war is the last subject in the Arthashastra since War is always the last option. However if a war is unavoidable, preparation and maintenance of the army and the correct warfare strategies are essential in the defence of a country. Warfighting has changed over the centuries due to the impact of changing technology and other factors. Kautilya contributed immensely to the development of the same, his ways of arranging battle groups in war and their administration during peace keeping all relevant factors in consideration still merits study by the modern armies. Kautilya in his Arthashastra states that war is a method to achieve wealth and stability. He emphasised the need to understand all the constraints which emerge in warfighting. Kautilya has argued that the main constraint that a state faces is the economic constraint and many a wars have been lost for want of resources. The Arthashastra has advised the king to eliminate the constraints, mainly the economic constra ints in the furtherance of sates interests. The use of economic strength as a means of states power has also been stated by Kautilya. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY 5. Kautilya in ARTHASHASTRA has dealt with various existing subjects which formed the basis of Chandragupta Mauryas rule and victories. In fact there is a view that Kautilyas Arthashastra deals only with matters of foreign policy and economy. A great portion of this book does in fact, deals at length with military matters. He consolidated the existing strategies and tactics of those times and gave his opinion on the subjects, which led to victories of Chandragupta Maurya , who never lost a campaign. It thus emerges that the excellence of Kautilya was not only in diplomacy but also in warfare, but the important fact is that he was able to illustrate methods to organise and manage the armed forces in a large empire. The concepts of military administration and organisation in war and peace were examined and spread out in all the adhikaranas, thus leading for topic of research for integrating and analysing those important aspects of organisation and administration which formed the basis of administering and organising large armies as of Mauryan empire, and at the same time analyse its relevance for modern armies. 6. Armed conflict has many aspects attached to it and it is not only attack and capture .The constraints are what the commander in the battlefield has to deal and find the solution of each of the constraints. The constraints are tangible constraints and also intangible constraints which have to be solved to progress the war and finally achieve victory. The tangible constraints can be the economic requirements for war effort and the logistics support required for the armed forces and the intangibles are morale, leadership and the training of the troops. The intangible constraints vary from motivation, trg and cohesiveness which are a result of the org and administration of the army. 7. Kautilya deals with the complexity of the modern warfare with the constraints faced during war being similar to older times. The problems that existed then, persist in a more widespread and magnified manner in the present day warfare. The principles of Constraint resolution spoken by Kautilya are also relevant in the contemporary world. Study of Kautilyas war strategy will provide knowledge of warfare in ancient India and would also explain the important aspects of the constraints to warfare in the modern world. Methodology Statement of Problem 8. The concepts of military administration and organisation in war and peace were covered and spread out in all the adhikaranas of Arthashastra. Analysis of these aspects of organisation and administration which formed the basis of administering and organising large armies as of Mauryan empire is obviously important. However applicability of these concepts needs to be studied and analysed due to the changed spectrum of modern day warfare and its relevance for 21st century armies. 9. Hence there is a need to study the warfare aspects propogated by Kautilya with reference to Management of warfare and analyse its relevance for modern armies. Hypothesis 10. Warfare Management aspects propogated by Kautilya with specific reference to organization, administration and economics of warfare are relevant for modern armies. Scope 11. This study concentrates on the relevance of Kautilyas teachings with regard to military aspects in general and organizational, administrational and economic aspects in detail including the aspects of tactics, strategy. The paper will attempt to assess the link between economic power of the state and the military power and how one is derived from the other. The methods of resolution of the economic constraints during Kautilyas time and the modern times will also be discussed. The study aims to focus on aspects, which are still relevant for the better management of modern armies. Organization of the Dissertation 12. Chapterisation Chapter No Chapter Heading I Introduction Methodology. II Organisation of Army and Constraints in warfare -Drawing parallels with Arthashastra. III Administration including Man Management and Welfare Aspects. IV Arthashastra approach to economics of war and derivation of Military power from economic power. V Relevance to modern armies VI Conclusion.

Save Marine Wildlife :: essays research papers

Animals have been on the face of the Earth since the beginning. Different cultures praise them as Gods or consider them sacred. But as the years drag on, people disregard animals and put them to the curb. In America, research labs on college campuses and across the country are performing vivisection. Vivisection is when millions of "animals are dissected, infected, injected, gassed, burned, and blinded" (IDA). In Africa, poachers kill elephants only for the ivory from their tusks. Not only does cruelty happen to pets and land animals, but also to marine creatures. Around the world, people are inhumanely taking advantage of the rights of those swimming souls. Right now, this exact moment in time, over in Taiji, Japan thousands of dolphins and small whales are being brutally murdered. Twenty - six out of the five hundred fishermen on the island take part in this massacre. Through September 1st to March 30th, the annual killing takes place in a secluded cove. Even "the Japanese people don't know about this" (McNeill). Environmentalist, Ric O' Barry, calls this "secret genocide" the worst. The town hosts whale - watches in dolphin shaped boats "while the non - performing animals bump up against each other in a tiny concrete pool" (McNeill). The '07 - '08 season Taiji announced that they are "going to add Pacific white sided dolphins to the catch quota" (Fujiwara). Which means yet another species of souls are in danger in their own home. There are three steps to this savage killing: ?the chase, the capture, the kill" (Lonsdale). Step one - the chase. The fishermen go to where they know the dolphins migrate, they lower long, metal poles into the water "and bang them to frighten the animals and disrupt their sonar" (McNeill). The boats drop nets down into the water to confine them, and once the dolphins begin to panic that's when the fishermen pull out the weapons. Step two - the capture. They start to slash mercilessly at the peaceful creatures. Blood pours out of their blowholes and turns the bay, literally, red. The fishermen tie rope to their tails and pull them to the shore to purposely beach them so the dolphin trainers can have their pick. Now with any swimming cetaceans (whales, dolphins, etc) is that the water pressure supports their body weight. When the sea animals are beached, naturally they don't have the normal water in their body, their whole weight "rests on the narrow strip of skin which is touching the ground [and] any flesh or organs near the ground are bruised and crushed.

Is It Possible to Create a Perfect Human Being Essay

As William Penn says in his book, Some Fruits of Solitude, in Reflections and Maxims Relating to the Conduct of Human Life, â€Å"Men are generally more careful of the breed of their horses and dogs than of their children. † This statement is true, to a point. While eugenical artificial selection could in fact ‘breed’ an ideal human being, as is done with horses and dogs, there is a level of eugenics that has gone too far. During WWII, Adolf Hitler took the stance of eugenics as an innovative idea that was for the greater good. However, his proposal of eugenics was eliminating all other choices of humans other than his ideal image – the Aryan race. The murder of over 11 million people can hardly be compared with propagation, but they both derive from the same idea: eugenics. Eugenics is only one of the many methods that scientists are meddling with in order to design an ideal human being. Creating a flawless human being has been a scientific prerogative, and while there are some discrepancies, science is showing progress. Alongside eugenics, cybernetic organisms are another option for creating a perfect human being. Cybernetic organisms are comprised of synthetic and organic parts. Humans that have dysfunctional body parts are able to replace them with mechanical alternatives. Surrogate parts enable humans to be far more efficient. A commonly replaced organ is the heart, and scientists should soon be able to replace other vital internal organs. Scientific exploration of new areas is one of the many benefits made available by cybernetic technology. Space travel without a breathing apparatus could be made possible if the necessary organs were substitute. Replacement lungs could allow humans to function without oxygen. If oxygen was provided within the body, then humans would be able to easily explore space, as well as the depths of the ocean. With cybernetic organisms at the helm, a century’s progress, due to exponential growth of technology, can be accomplished in an hour. Although more efficient than humans, cybernetic organisms can also be considered a threat to humanity. Technology is not always dependable. Artificial hearts fail, cellular phones break, and planes crash. In 1993, 7 people died in a plane crash due to engine failures. Not only is technology not one hundred percent reliable, but if humans are eventually comprised completely of artificial parts, then emotion will no longer remain. As exemplified in Anthem, a society without emotion is detrimental. The citizens of Anthem believe that they know everything that there is to know, but they are mistaken. In order to ensure equality, the idea of love was removed, and along with it, family, spirituality and opinion. If machines become the main factor in this world, it is possible that Anthem could be the future. The World Council defines and enforces the law, so that all are the same and perfect by Anthem’s standards. Cybernetic organisms can be manipulated by humans to be perfect, or without flaw, but possible consequences are risky. With cybernetic organisms as the extreme in creating the perfect human being, genetic modification for health purposes is a less drastic measure. With technology today, cures to diseases, such as Anthrax and H1N1, are being discovered at a rapid pace. If one can inject the vaccine of all known diseases into embryos until all diseases are eradicated, everyone would be healthy, and in a sense, perfect. Brave New World is a society of perfect health. All citizens are immunized at decantation and are able to live a life free of disease and infection. Unfortunately, the vaccines to every disease have not yet been discovered, but with the exponential growth of technological advances, there is a probable chance. Using genetic modifications to prevent diseases is an idealized goal, but it has a major risk factor – mutations. DNA is a complicated system, and the slightest mistake could cause a major bodily malfunction. It would take extensive scientific research and application to consider attempting to alter a human’s genes. Science has made many advances, but oftentimes the major ones have come back with unintended consequences that were never before thought significant. The extensive use of oil, coal and natural gas demonstrate that perfectly. It was commonly known that the burning of these natural resources releases gasses into the air, but it was not thought of as important. Global warming was considered a hoax, and little was done to preserve the earth’s delicate ecosystem. If tampering with genetics is disregarded as insignificant, then drastic outcomes could occur, such as unheard of deformities, or permanent brain damage. Genetic modification in this sense would be detrimental to society. A ‘perfect’ human being is hard to define, but standards can easily be changed over time with both genetic modification and cybernetic organisms. There are positives and negatives to both options, but technology is changing rapidly, and circumstances adapt with it. Although scientists have not yet created a prototype for an ideal human, ideas are being formulated. The ideas, however, of what defines a perfect person are constantly changing. Until idealization has had its parameters defined, scientists will continue to struggle to achieve this goal.

Western Heritage 8th Edition

Brittney Henley Pd. 2A Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars Key Topics; -War between Calvinists and Catholics in France. -The Spanish occupation of the Netherlands. -Struggle for supremacy between England and Spain. -The devastation of Central Europe during the Thirty Years’ War. Vocabulary |Notes | | | | |Counter Reformation- A movement within the Rome |Renewed Religious Struggle | |Catholic Church that sought to revitalize the |Peace of Augsburg (1555)- A regions rule would determine its religion, However it | |church and oppose Protestantism. did not recognize Non Lutheran Protestants | | |Geneva became a refuge for persecuted protestants and an international school for | |Baroque Art- 3 dimensional display of life and |protestant leaders | |energy. | | | | |Politiques- Ruler who urged tolerance and |French Wars of Religion | |moderation and compromise on religious matters |Anti-Protestant Measures and the struggle for political power | | |French Protestants are known as Hu guenots. | |They were persecuted by the French, when King Charles of Germany / Spain captured | |Huguenots- French Protestants. |Frances King’. To pacify King Charles, France persecutes the Huguenots in the | | |hopes of gaining the freedom of the King of France. | | | | |Edict of Fontainebleau—Subjected French Protestants to the inquisition | | |France remain hostile to the protestants until King Henry of Navarre gains the | | |throne | | | | | |3 competing fraction for the Kings (Francis II) ear in France | | |Bourbons- power in the south and west | | |Montmorency-Chatillons- controlled the center of France | | |Guises- dominate in eastern France / Strongest power and had more influence over | | |the king due to family connection | | |Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillons developed strong Huguenot sympathies | | | | | |Conspiracy of Amboise (1560) – Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillons plotted to | | |kidnap the king of France (Frances II) | | | | | |Appeal of Calvinism | | |Huguenots were in important geographic areas and were heavily represented among | | |the more powerful segments of French society. They wanted to establish sovereignty| | |with in France. | | | | | |Catherine De Medici and the Guises | | |Catherine mother to 15 year old Frances II becomes the regent of France upon the | | |death of her husband Henry II. | |On the death of Frances II her younger son Charles IX becomes king where she | | |resides as regent. Catherine fears the power of the Guiles family and sought | | |alliances with the Protestants. | | |She issues the January Edict which allows protestants freedom to worship publicly | | |outside of towns. | | |Duke of Guise surprised a protestant congregation at Vassy, Champagne and | | |massacred the worshipers.This is the beginning of the French wars of Religion | | |March 1562 | | | | | | | | |Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1570) | | |Ended the thirty year war, the crown acknowledging the power of the Protest ant | | |nobility, granted Huguenots religious freedoms within their territory. | | |Catherine fearing the mounting power of the other two families and Protestants she| |Coligny: leader of the Huguenots, Charles IX most|cultivates the support of the Guise. | |trusted advisor. | | | |The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre | | |Catherine tried to have Coligny assassinated by a bullet.Fearing the fallout from| | |the attempt, she convinces King Charles that the Huguenots were attempting to | | |attack Paris | | |On Saint Bartholomew’s Day August 24, 1572, Coligny and 3000 Huguenots were | | |massacred in Paris. Within 3days another 20,000 were executed | | | | | |The Rise to Power of Henry Navarre | | |Henry III sought the middle ground and gained support from a growing body of | |Protestant Resistance Theory: |neutral Catholics and Huguenots. | | | |John Knox- wrote First Blast of the Trumpet |Peace of Beaulieu (May 1576)- granted the Huguenots almost complete religio us and | |against the Terrible Regiment of Women |civil freedom. It was later recanted because of political pressure of the Catholic| |-He declared removal of a heathen tyrant was |League. Both religious orders pick up arms. | |permissible | | | |Henry Navarre led the Protestant army. Henry III brother-in-law) | |Francois Hotman- wrote Franco-Gallia | | |-Humanist argument that representative Estate |Day of the Barricades –Henry III surprise attack on the Catholic League (Spain | |General held more authority then the French king |Supported) and failed. Henry then assassinated the Duke and Cardinal of Guise. | | |Reprisal from the League was fierce causing Henry III to join forces with Henry | |Theodore Beza- wrote On the Right of Magistrates |Navarre. Henry III was killed; Henry IV (Navarre) is the next successor to the | |Over their Subjects |throne. |-Permissible for lower authorities to overthrow | | |tyrannical rulers |Protestant as king, the League wants France to be Catholic but politically weak so| | |Spain sends in troops to help achieve this goal in hopes of putting his daughter | |Philippe du Plessis Mornay- Defense of Liberty |on the throne. | |Against Tyrants |The French rallied behind their king disbanding the League and outing the Spanish. | |-Princes, Nobles and magistrates are guardians |Henry IV turns Catholic.Ending the war of religion in France | |and to take up arms against tyranny in other land| | | | | | | | | |Edict of Nantes | | |Proclaimed a formal religious settlement it recognized minor religions in an | | |official Catholic country | | | | | |Treaty of Vervins -ended hostility between France and Spain | | | | | |Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II | | |Gold Silver and bullion were being imported from Spain’s colonies in the New | | |World. | | |The increased wealth and population in large cities in Europe triggered inflation. | | | | | |Fewer jobs, less food, wages stagnated and greater coinage in circul ation while | | |prices increased. | | | | |The Revolt in the Netherlands- | | |Antoine Perrenot- Cardinal Granvelle. | | |Perrenot hoped to break the local autonomy of the Netherlands providences and | | |establish a centralized royal government directed from Madrid, and religious | | |conformity to Catholic. | | |Granvelle proceeded to reorganize the Netherlands. | |William of Nassau (Prince of Orange) & Count of Egmont organized the Dutch | | |nobility in opposition, which had Granvelle removed from office | | | | | |The Compromise- | | |Margaret (Regent of Spain) spurned the protesters. Leads them to call for aid and | | |rebel against Spain; however the nobility does not support the rebellion. | | |Duke of Alba-sent to the Netherlands to gain control back. | | |He had several thousand suspected heretics publicly executed. | | |He then taxed the people of Netherlands to pay for the suppressing of the revolt. | | | | |Pacification of Ghent- | | |November 4 1576: Spanish mercen aries ran amok in Antwerp killing 7000 people in | | |the streets known as the Spanish fury. | | | | | |Pacification of Ghent (November 8, 1575)- Catholic regions and Protestant regions | | |in the Netherlands unified to oppose Spain. | | | | | |Perpetual Edict- provided for removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands | | |within 20 days. | | | | | | | |Netherlands Independence- | | |King of Spain Phillip II declared William of Orange an outlaw. | | |December 1580 William of Orange publicly denounced Phillip as a Heathen and tyrant| | |and should not be obeyed. | | |Known as The Apology. | | |Peace of Westphalia in 1648 – Netherlands is fully recognized | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |England and Spain 1553-1603 | | |[pic] | | | | | |Jane Grey (granddaughter to Henry), 3rd Queen | | | | | | | | | | | |Mary I – reign lasted 5 years | | |Edward VI died. | | |Lady Jane Grey tried to ascend to throne. | | |Mary Tudor was the rightful heir. Grey-9 days Queen then beheaded. | | |Mary marries Prince Philip II of Spain. Mary | | |Had Parliament repeal the Protestant laws.Mary | | |Decreed all of England Catholic, burned Protestant leaders at the stake. | | |Dies 1558 | | | | |The Compromise: A solemn pledge to resist the |Elizabeth I – takes throne 1558 | |decrees of Trent and the Inquisition. |Daughter of Henry and half sister to Mary. | | |Advisor William Cecil. | |Passed laws for religious toleration | | | | | |Act of Supremacy 1559- Repealing all anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor. | | | | | |Phillip II seeks marriage with Elizabeth. | | |Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots seeks England throne. | | |Supporters claim Elizabeth is illegitimate. | | |Queen of Scots is the granddaughter to Henry the VIII’s sister Margaret. | |Raised French and Catholic. | | | | | |Deterioration of Relation with Spain | | |Spanish Duke of Alba (1547)- marched troops into the Netherlands; England sees | | |this as a threat du e its close proximity to England. | | |Elizabeth allows pirating of Spanish vessels. | | | | |Mary Queen of Scots | | |Elizabeth executes Mary Queen of Scotts (second cousin) for plotting against the | | |crown. | | |Mary’s husband is killed by her lover, who is acquitted, and then marries Mary. | | |This causes outrage from her people. | | |Mary surrenders her throne to her one year old son James VI, who later becomes | | |Elizabeth’s heir to throne. | |The pope authorize Spain to invade England for the killing of Mary who was their | | |hope to turn England Catholic | | | | | |The Armanda | | |May 30 1587 -130 ships with 25,000 sailors sent to invade England. | | |Spain wanted the ships to dock in France before continuing the invasion. | | |France prohibits the ships from leaving and a fog roles in around the channel. | | |England has advantage and wins. | | | | |Thirty Year War | | |Preconditions for War | | |Germany = Holly Rome | | |Germany consists of 360 a utonomous entities. | | |Each had its own tolls, taxes, coins and religion, making it difficult to travel | | |and do business | | | | |Four Periods of War- | | |Bohemian (1618-1625) Swedish (1630-1635) | | |Danish (1625-1629) Swedish-French (1635-1648) | | | | | |Bohemian Period- | | |Ferdinand ascends to the throne and wants to return the region to Catholicism. | | |He revokes the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants. | | | | | |Defenestration of Prague- Protestant nobility in Prague throw Ferdinand III’s | | |regents out of window in reaction to the revoke of religious freedoms. They did | | |not die, landed on manure which cushioned their fall. | | | | |Ferdinand was managed to subdue the Protestants and re-Catholicize Bohemian | | | | | |Danish Period- (1625-1629) | | |Lutheran King Christian IV of Demark picks up Protestant banner-invades Germany | | |and loses. | | |Ferdinand attacks Demark and breaks Protestant resistance. | | |Causes fear among all Protestants. | | | | | |Edict of Restitution in 1629- Calvinism is illegal and orders the return of all | | |church lands acquired by the Lutherans. | | | | | | | |The Swedish Periods (1630-1635) | | |Gustavus Adolphus king of Sweden | | |Was a unified Lutheran nation, bankrolled by France, an wished to keep the | | |Habsburg armies tied down in Germany. | | |Adolphus won several battles due to a lighter army and better weapons. | | |Adolphus is killed on the battlefield. | | | | |Peace of Prague in 1635- majority of the Protestants states reached a compromise | | |with Ferdinand, barring the Swedes | | | | | |Peace of Prague plunged them into the fourth war. | | | | | |The Swedish-French Period (1635-1648) | | |The French join the war in 1635. | | |Dragged on for 13 years with Spanish, French and Swedish soldiers looting Germany. | | | | |About 1/3 of the German population died as a direct result of the war. | | | | | |Treaty of Westphalia- | | | | | |The Treaty of Westph alia 1648 -brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman | | |Empire to an end.Ended Edict of Restitution and reasserted the Peace of Augsburg,| | |which allows each ruler to determine its religion. | | | | | |German princes become supreme over their principalities. | Summary: From Martin Luther’s death in 1546 until the middle of the seventeenth century, European life was dominated by religiously and politically inspired violence. France descended into nearly 50 years of civil war before emerging with a united monarchy under the terms of the Edict of Nantes in 1598. Spain escaped civil strife and remained firmly Catholic.Spain’s American empire provided immense wealth, but Spain failed to subdue Protestant nationalism in the Netherlands and suffered defeat of its Armada naval fleet at the hands of the English. As a result, Spain’s position in international affairs declined. Unlike the French, the English managed to avoid civil war under the inspired leadership of Queen Elizabeth I. In Germany, the original center of the Reformation, Lutherans and Catholics had come to tolerate each other. But in the early seventeenth century the temporary compromises collapsed. The resulting free-for-all, known as the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), consumed much of Europe’s energies until it was resolved in the Peace of Westphalia. ———————– Elizabeth I 4th, Queen Mary I 2nd, Queen Edward VI 1st, King Henry VIII King